Cain Motors Information System Essay Example for Free

Cain Motors Information corpse EssayThe purpose of this document is to define the Context of Cain Motors Information System in order to form the basis for the Information System and assessment of the success of the view. This document will allow the purge Board to ensure the project has a sound basis before making a major commitment to the project. It will act as a base document against which the Project Board and Project Manager can assess progress, change manhoodagement issues, and on-going viability issues. Approval of the Project Initiation Document (PID) is sought from the Project Board, together with empowerment to function with the next stage of the project. here are eight main stages to using PRINCE2 Quality Management, which is the outline we will be using to develop this project. Cain Motors is a small garage in the east end of London situated under the railway arches. The garage has been running for thirty classs and relies mainly on word of mouth and passing trade for its business. It deals with car repairs, MOTs, servicing and insurance work.There are a total of four workers including the owner Mr Cain. Last year we were brought into update the system from a manual system to a computerised system, which we did but Mr Cain has called us back to update the system and to redevelop the existing information bear upon system at Cain Motors to resolve defects highlighted by users and Mr Cain, the project will also incorporate certain changes requested by users of the present information system much(prenominal) as to be able to produce a complete MOT history, to produce invoices, web site for advertising and interlocking appointments (MOT, crash repairs and servicing).Mr Cain has decided to lay in stock on the premises therefore he now requires a facility for stock monitoring i. e. a stock table added to the entropybase so he can keep track of what unavoidably to be reordered and what has to be used. The project aims to provide an inform ation system that will assist staff in the daily operations of Cain Motors, providing an efficient computer system, which reliably and securely stores information manages stock control, customer information and MOT service history.If the aim of the project if achieved it will ground the business more efficient, it will cut down on lost time, because everything should be on the computerised system, which means the company will on lost man hours. The identified defects are listed below, also the desired improvements Improvements Defects As business expands, stock details needs to be included and supplier referencing for purposes of stock control and monitoring.The supplier table is not related to any other tables within the databases, at present it is a flat file contained with the database. Web site for advertising and booking appointments (MOT and crash repairs servicing) MOT history is not recorded for each customer, when a search is entered only the last record is shown. A ful l history needs to be returned. Estimates were not included into database version 1 to be included in version (estimate log, costs retail date given who gave when was it given to customer, proceed or decline.How long does estimate stand) Printing details currently only tacks a screen dump and prints that off rather than a full report, which is real what is required. Delete functions used in a VB front end for the database does not delete record conation with the database table this needs to be readdressed. The stock control system will be integrated into the existing system, linking the supplier table to the database.The system will be loaded as part of a new version, data migration for the previous version will be required and data entry will be required to enable the staff to see all supplier information. Financially this change will benefit Cain Motors immensely, turn around time will increase for cars, and cars will not be held static in the garage awaiting parts thus increasin g the amount of cars that can be worked on at once. Thus increasing business revenue.

College Student Essay Example for Free

College Student EssayAs a student nurse, I was effecting in a student assignment mathematical free radical, where we were to make a project for a presentation on Breast Cancer. We had four persons in our group. On our showdown day, one of our group peniss did not come to our group meeting and she also did phone none of us. We were not equal to finish our group work because we were missing her share of the project. We did not even know whether she had started her part of the work or not. Our meeting without her part of the work was not productive and we decided to set up another meeting on another day. On next day I met her and asked if everything is fine with her and her family. She confirmed that everything was fine.My expectation was that she would give some explanations or would try to talk close to(predicate) what had happened. She did not show some(prenominal) interest in a push communication. Her behavior was surprising and the same time frustrating for me. I pe rceived that she was not a responsible person, because in the lead our meeting she did not call us. I also perceived that she did not foster and respect other people time. I felt that she even unattended the importance of the group project and the work that she was spouse to complete. The conflict arose in our work group about her part of the work, and we were undecided whether we were to keep on world silent or to start an open discussion about our concerns. Eventually, we did not do very surface on our group project and then our group was disbanded when for the next project we had to choose new partners for the group.2. CommunicationDespite my perceptions about her, I decided to ask her if everything was fine with her family. She confirmed that her family was fine and then I kept a distance from her because I decided that she did not lay down a legitimate reason not come to the meeting and in item this validated my perception that she was not responsible person and she did not value other people time. Because of her behavior the conflict arose in our work group about her part of the work, and we were undecided whether we were to keep on being silent or to start an open discussion about our concerns.Eventually, we did not do very well on our group project and then our group was disbanded when for the next project we had to choose new partners for the group. Even when our group project was completed, I kept persuasion about her behavior and I came to the conclusion that there could have been other reasons for her behavior that she never shared with any of us. I feel that the reason for the further events was the lack of communication between her and the group members. Now I regret that I failed the opportunity to fix the situation by an open communication, and create sanitary group solidarity. But I value this experience for the idea of importance of a communication to build strong group solidarity.3. PossibilitiesI formed my perceptions about her havi ng only limited information about her I did not know the real reason she had that day not to come to the meeting. As I knew that she had a large family with four children, and maybe one of her children was cat, so she had to stay at home with the sick child. As a mother, her babys health could be the priority for her. The other reason for her not to come to the meeting could have been an accident and maybe she did not have an opportunity to call us or to let us know about it. Finally, maybe one her close relatives had breast cancer and she was very sensitive to the work project, so she was not able to come and discus the topic with the group members. We never had an opportunity to know what exactly had happened to her since she never talked to us about the reasons for her behavior.4. InfluencesAnalyzing the event I can give away many assumptions on my part that influences my thoughts. There is another principal(prenominal) factor about myself, which formed my perceptions. I have an experience in working with sick children and their parents and in this case I thought that the reason could be that her baby was sick, and as a mother for her the babys health is the most important thing for her. I am a very responsible person, and I respect people and their time. I am always early for any meeting or group projects.I am also very careful with my study process, so this made me feel that she did not respect our group members time. In my cultural background it is very important if I promise or decide to do something in a group, and I am not able to go on with that, I must let my partners know. Another thing that made an influence on my perception was that I value other people time and I always let them know if I am late. The other reason could be that as an ESL student she had a hard time to complete the work. As an ESL student with some language barriers, I thought that she had a hard time to complete any work.5. industriousness of Learning to Nursing PracticeI th ink that perception checking can play a significant role in my critical thinking and finis making process. Only open communication and accurate perception checking can help us to understand other people behavior. It is now my understanding is that I would have done better to discuss the issue with my group partner, and to address the conflict in an open way. Open communication would give me an opportunity to answer and improve my direct perception checking skills. Even somehow I had tried to discover the real reasons for my group partner behavior, my actions and skills were not enough to understand her behavior, to have a whole picture of what happen, rather that make my assumptions.On my meeting with her on the next day somehow I tried to understand the practical reasons for her behavior. That was an example of indirect perception checking process, but not performed completely. I feel that I formed most part of my perceptions on my own assumptions. For my further prospered prac tice I have to learn more about perception checking process and also improve my perception checking skills toward my successful nursing career. Nursing work is always a team work and in my further practice I also will use this experience to build team solidarity.

Transportation In Houston Essay Example for Free

Transportation In Houston EssayThe problems of fare in our city do a series of branches that all light upon us. We, as Houstonians exhaust the duty to contain our city as beautiful and healthy as we preempt. This is part of our past, present, and our suffer, non nevertheless for us but also of our chouse ones that are yet to come. It is very important that we as human being that live in this community do something to protect our environment and reduce risks for just generations. Do you think that there something we can do to stop this shortage of expat?There are many various problems in our environment that affect everyone around the community. Transportation in Houston is a severe problem that we book now in days. This is a problem in our community that divides into a series of arguments that we are trying to fix. It does not necessarily have to fit in our lifestyles, as long as we set time out in our interfering life to take care of the environment. It does not have to be something that relates to your career as long as it is something that you manage to do. I am very evoke in setting sometime out of my job, to take care of my community. Even if they do not relate, I understand that in doing so it can dish provide a better feature for the next generation.As a Houstonian, it is very important for me to try to find a way to expand the deportation in Houston. By decreasing the transportation, the pollution produced daily will also decrease as well as the traffic. Increasing public transportation is a good way to reduce all these risks. In my own experience, I have seen how public transportation is very efficient. In my Colombia, we use public transportation as a way to get around to many different places in the city. It reduces traffic, and accidents that may occur because of careless drivers. The state officials encourage public transportation because it reduces risks and it is also economic.They also encourage bike riding and walking. T hey build a lot of trails so that people that decide to walk do not have to worry almost having to walk on the street where they can be put into any danger. Here in Houston, the state does not provide those types of options to people. You have pedestrians that walk in the streets putting their lives at risk, and then you have those that decide not to walk so they will not have to worry about putting themselves or their loved ones at risk. That is why most people decide that it is better to drive themselves somewhere, even if it is close, then to walk there.I would like to be encouraged into walking to different places, or to ride a bike around. It would be better for people to take that decision if there were sidewalks forthcoming all over the city, so that people could move around easier. This would be helpful in many different levels because it would create a better feature by, reducing the accidents that occur on a daily basis. It could also help the economy, because people wou ld start saving more money.They would have more money to kick the bucket on other things needed, if they are saving gas money. They would not have to worry about having to earn a little more money to have to waste on other important things they might need. It can be improving for everyone. The bad thing is that not everyone feels the same way about employ public transportation. Some rather save a little more money rather then having to depend on someone to drive them around. They never stop to think about the resources they are saving.I was researching the internet, trying to find articles that explored the subject about public transportation. It was very interesting to find different points of draw over this topic. They were not real reli fitting resources, they were more like different opinions. I would like to explore this topic more reading different databases so that the information I may inquire can be precise. I would also like to read more about this subject in different newspapers like Houston Chronicle, to see what they think about this subject. When I was researching this newspaper online I realized that they dont have any titles that cover this subject.I install it to be really upsetting to know that they do not cover important subjects like this in their news. It is very important for people to be able to get informed about things that are becoming a problem in their city. This way they will have a way to not only get informed but try to look for options to try and solve this error. Other resources would also help so that they can better inform themselves such as TV Shows, and other programs.This is a very important problem that does not get talked bout to much, so people do not really realize the problem we are facing. They do not try and do something about it because they probably think that it is something very insignificant, that other public organizations have not worried about advertising it as much. It is hard for me to assimilate the fact that we are missing out on a lot of information that can help us make a better our city an even more beautiful one.

Health and Safety of Disposable Chopsticks | Experiment

Health and Safety of Disposable Chopsticks ExperimentAbstractI heard some stories about roleable chopsticks being severe and poisonous. And I deprivationed to image out myself whether it was true or not. I found out that certain causes of spendable chopsticks have greater risks to be caustic and non- useable chopsticks ar much well(p)r. My results were important be hold I could help raise the aw arness of the risk of using expendable chopsticks. This awareness not only eases us from crabmeat or damage to body, but also helps make the world a greener place to live.Background ResearchThis try out is about Are disposable chopsticks safe to use? My hypothesis is that some disposable chopsticks may not be processed appropriately to be safe to use. I choose this project because many another(prenominal) restaurants use disposable chopsticks and to test whether disposable chopsticks are safe or non-disposable chopsticks are safe. I really want to prove if my hypothesis is c orrect about various of chopsticks. For the safety of many concourse in the world who use disposable chopsticks, it might be better to use non-disposable chopsticks or the other course around depending on the results.The normal pH aim weewee is 6.5 to 8.5 and below 6.5 the pee is acidic, soft, and corrosive. The pH irrigate level 8.5 and above is hard, but it can cause aesthetic problems. Chopsticks can be made of bamboo, wood, malleable, and stainless steel. Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide are used to bleach the wooden disposable chopsticks.Many people use disposable chopsticks all over the world for lunch, dinner, and some sentences breakfast. I hope my experiment will help raise the awareness of using the rightly kind of the chopsticks and improve the safety for many. Non-disposable chopsticks may be safer than disposable chopsticks, but it will depend on research and test data to prove. I dont want to get sick or get illness by using disposable chopsticks. So there is an importance of this experiment.Experiment DetailsExperiment psycheWhat is the effect of production processes on disposable chopsticks?How does the improperly processed chopsticks affect our safety?What showcases of chopsticks are better to use?Experiment HypothesisAre disposable chopsticks safe to use?My hypothesis is that some disposable chopsticks may not be processed appropriately to be safe to use. Ive heard that disposable chopsticks are put into bleach and this was brought to my concern.Experiment VariablesIndependent VariableThe different types of chopsticks, different temperatures of wet ( igneous and cold) and different soaking durations will be changing.Dependent VariableI am measuring the pH level of the water aft(prenominal) soaking the chopsticks for certain duration for time.Controlled VariablesThe chopsticks will stay in the identical glasses and the beat of water will stay the same as well.Materials and ProceduresMaterials UsedpH MeterDisposable chopsticks - 4 kindsStainless steel chopsticksPlastic chopsticksHot water boilerTap waterBottle deglutition waterGlassesTimerComputerCameraScotch tapeProceduresSTEP 1 First, restrict the pH level of the tap water and bottle drinking water. Record the variations on paper.STEP2 Next, put hot water into glasses. Then soak four kinds of disposable chopsticks and two kinds of non-disposable chopsticks (stainless steel and plastic) into each designated cups for 30 minutes.STEP 3 Use the pH meter to measure the pH level of each designated water in the glasses. If below pH6.5, it could be acidic, soft and corrosive.STEP 4 Then repeat the above steps with additional designated period of times.STEP 5 Repeat the same procedures by using cold water in the glasses and record the results.STEP 6 In the end, we will compare the results of each design of experiments to find out whether the pH level for disposable chopsticks are different from the non-disposable chopsticks with various soaking times and water temperature. We can then conclude if it is safe to use disposable chopsticks or not. Also this will confirm if my hypothesis was correct.Challenges and Technical IssuesThe challenges I had during my experiment are as follows.1. The electrode tip of the pH meter strike to be in the water about 3 cm deep. Dipping too deep or too shallow will affect the readings somewhat. However, with some practices and acquiring familiar with the depth of the tip, it is not difficult to adjust.2. The pH meter will take some time to stabilize the reading. Need to make sure the reading does not fluctuate for a few seconds. Then take the reading. The tip is to practice several measurements and take readings patiently.Experiment ResultsA. Baseline Comparison of Different amniotic fluid1. House tap water is on the hard side, pH level 8.30.2. The difference of pH level between central office tap water and drinking water is 1.21.3. My experiment is using home tap water. So if using nominal pH level wate r or lower pH level water, the resulted pH levels would be proportionally lower.Water Type(pH)Home Tap Water8.30Bottled Drinking Water7.09Difference-1.21B. Tested with Hot Water1. This experiment is more closely simulating the actual usage of the chopsticks (hot meals hot soup).2. Both stainless steel and plastic chopsticks are very stable when soaked in hot water for an hour. So they are safe to use.3. Plastic chopsticks are performing the best, with least changes in pH level.4. All four kinds of the disposable chopsticks had pH levels lower by 1.53 to 2.15. Bamboo type3 (PB)) of the chopsticks is the worst, pH level lower by 2.15. So these chopsticks could pose safety risks by using them with hot meals/ soup.5. If the baseline water were not pH 8.30, instead of pH 7.09, then the pH levels of all four kinds of the chopsticks would be lowered to the even more dangerous acidic levels. So disposable chopsticks are relatively unsafe to use.6. Bamboo 3 (PB) had the worst yellowish spo t of water. Bamboo 1 (FL) and Bamoo 2 (GL) also had some yellowish discoloration.MATERIAL signBASELINE30 Min.Changes from1 HourChanges from(pH)(pH)Baseline (pH)(pH)Baseline (pH)Stainless Steel8.308.950.658.890.59Plastic8.308.920.628.640.34Bamboo 1 (FL)8.306.45-1.856.77-1.53Bamboo 2 (GL)8.306.78-1.526.47-1.83Wood8.307.35-0.956.77-1.53Bamboo 3 (PB)8.306.09-2.216.15-2.15C. Tested with bleak WaterBoth plastic and stainless steel chopsticks were very stable within one hour, while all other 4 kinds of disposable chopsticks were outset to turn acidic in an hour.When chopsticks were soaked in water longer than 1 hr, they all turned more acidic, with disposable chopsticks worse.Soaking in water longer than 1 day, both 2 days and 4 days, the pH levels for most of the chopsticks were stabilized. Most of the changes happened within the first day.Bamboo 3 (PB) had the worst yellowish discoloration of water. Bamboo 1 (FL) and Bamboo 2 (GL) also had some yellowish discoloration.Data Analysis and DiscussionIt was predicted and confirmed that the disposable chopsticks would have lower pH levels, which could be acidic, than the plastic and stainless steel chopsticks after soaking in both hot and tap waters. One possible explanation for low pH readings is that some disposable chopsticks used sulfur dioxide and hydro-peroxide to bleach the chopsticks without appropriate cleaning during the production processes.In the hot water experiment, the results were more prominent, after 30 minutes to an hour we saying dramatic pH level changes on the disposable chopsticks. At the same time, both plastic and stainless steel chopsticks, the pH levels were very stable after one hour. The two worst Ph level changes were the ordinal bamboo disposable chopsticks (-2.21 pH level, with the plastic bag wrapping) and the first bamboo disposable chopsticks (-1.85 pH level, with the Fu-Lu characters). The worst pH level reduction occurred at 30 minutes in hot water, not 1 hour.For cold water expe riment, the pH level changes were at a slower rate than the hot water experiment as expected. Still the worst pH level changes with cold water are still the third bamboo chopsticks (-0.84 pH at 30 minutes -2.17 pH at 1 day) and the first bamboo disposable chopsticks (-0.71 pH -2.25 pH at 1 day). The pH level changes were stabilized after 1 day. Plastic and stainless steel chopsticks were also more stable on pH readings.The worst kind of the disposable bamboo chopsticks- type 3 (PB) also showed the worst kind of discoloration (yellowish) in both hot and cold water experiment. I further noticed both bamboo type 3 (PB) and bamboo type 1 (FL), the worst two disposable chopsticks have less density in the structure. This could confirm that if they are not cleaned well in the production processes, they could contain most unwanted chemicals (bad stuff) and easier to dissolved into hot (especially) and cold waters.My original question was that Are disposable chopsticks safe to use? My hypo thesis was taken in the right direction because after figuring out both the observations of the hot and cold water experiments everything started to fit quite well. This is supporting my hypothesis that disposable chopsticks are not as safe. Moreover, if the baseline water were not pH 8.30 (tap water), instead of pH 7.09 (drinking water, difference of Ph1.21), then the pH levels of all four kinds of the disposable chopsticks after soaking in hot water would be even lower and in the more dangerous acidic levels. I will sure as shooting recommend using either the plastic chopsticks or stainless steel chopsticks for hot meals and hot soups and avoiding using disposable chopsticks.ConclusionFrom my hot and cold waters experiment with both reusable and disposable chopsticks, I can conclude that its better to use the plastic or stainless steel chopsticks (reusable). The disposable chopsticks are relatively unsafe to use. We should avoid using both Type 3 (PB) and Type 1 (FL) bamboo chop sticks. Also refraining from using the disposable chopsticks will also save the bamboos, trees, forest and earth. Its not only healthy, but also environmental friendly.RecommendationsThis project was done with limited time and resources. The sample size of chopsticks and time interval may not be big enough, the calibration of the pH meter was not done with the sample of pH 7.01 buffer (lack of test sample sheet) and use home tap water (pH 8.30). I will recommend to future project leader to use bigger samples size of chopsticks, take more readings in shorter time interval, calibrate the pH meter with the right sample buffer and use bottle drinking water (pH 7.09, in the middle of the safe drinking water pH range) to perform the experiment.Work CitedPH Levels.Freedrinkingwater.com. 29 Sept. 2010 .Scary Disposable chopsticks. eats-time.blogspot.com. 29 Sept. 2010 .Experiment NotesIn a packet.

Death Rituals in Ancient Egypt

Death Rituals in Ancient EgyptFor my Gordon Rule Paper I have determined to write round the Egyptians since I have always found them fascinating. The primary topic I will be discussing would be the way in which the ancient Egyptians would view, and considered finale, due to how immensely different we as Americans view death today.The vast majority of Americans fear death more than anything else. We go to great lengths to ensure our health, safety, and survival. To us there is nothing worse than death, whereas to totally(prenominal) Egyptian death was seen as a desirable transformation, the passage of the true eternal life. Death was never considered a tragedy, or a loss, but a welcome transmutation into the afterlife. Beca do death was of such(prenominal) an importance it was essenctial that great cargon be taken for a transition to immortality. This is a huge reason that the Pharaohs contents of the grave accent were of such great importance, and so carefully selected. Egypt ians prioritzement on the importance of religious rites, customs, and beliefs as well as computer architecture can be seen clearly in the discovery of the tomb of mightiness Tutankhamen, or as most people know him tycoon Tut.The architecture that went into every Pharaohs tomb was extraordinarily complex. Each whiz was greatly different in terms of the tombs redactout, size, and decorations. The tombs structure and layout almost always had to, manyhow, show the formation, and projection of the solar system. Miral decorations in the tomb dont represent the Pharaohs everyday life, but instead that of their afterlife, and the challenges the Pharaoh has to face in order to reach the Kingdom of Orrises, land of the afterlife.These tombs were grand, and usually consisted of a number of rooms, and courtyards. grave walls were usually stoned lined of limestone columns. This type of tomb is built below the ground, as usually the chapel was built on the surface and the burial bowls below .The Nile area was rocky, and featured many cliffs, so these were perfect locations for the creating of the tombs directly in the hillside. The most common chapel consisted of a door which lead into a transverse hall, hobo which was a corridor that ran straight to the face of the cliff. Over time rock tombs became more elaborate, more decorative, and narrower as they now ran directly into the cliff-face, these tombs were the most impressing of all the tombs in Egypt, as they featured splendid sights, often with pillars and large stairways. Rock cut chapels were more commonly used by Pharaohs, and those of the richer society, as the rocky regions of Egypt were best suited for the edifice of these tombs. grave accents contained wall decorations, which dealt with the aft(prenominal)life, and the path that the Pharaoh will have too take to reach the kingdom of Orrises. A royal tomb could be done within a few months for a simple tomb, or for a more larger, and complex tomb, it could take from half dozen to ten years.Decorations varied for each Pharaoh. From elaborate paintings, to imitations of papyrus. All texts sundry(a) on walls were quoted from the great magical religion anthologies of the time such as the Book of the Dead and the Book of the Earth (Guide to the Valley of The Kings page26, 1996). These magical and religious texts were pinched on the walls to inform the dead soul, and for the deceased to use as a invaluable tool for them to make sure that they had enough knowledge of magical nature for them to use during the Afterlife.The New Kingdom royal tombs featured many different ceilings and decorations, which included star maps, which illustrated the rising of the sun. Placing a burial underneath a holy image was considered of great importance for the resurrection of the body. Texts and drawings on tomb walls contained various colors each color that was used depicts Egyptian rituals. Colors such as White represents Silver, ignominious delineat e death and eternal preservation and Red represents fire and blood. As these colors and depictions lead up to the star the life, the deceased is painted, including all of the deceased families life.Today, in retrospect, we primarily bury our loved ones in accordance with their wishes, or in a graveyard next to other deceased loved ones. We bury them six feet under-ground, (typically) but only because that is the minimal depth a decaying corpse can be buried without having any effect on the world under-which it was buried. Typically it takes about seven days from the time we die until we are laid to rest. That allows us plenty of time to choose a good grave sight, dig it up, lay the dead down, say some kind words, and fill the hole again. Ancient Egyptians, on the other hand, took considerably longer.Before a body was buried the process of embalming took situate for about lxx days. Historian Heroidotus tells of three levels of mumification that depended upon the quantity of wealth the deceased had. The very most expensive procedure was the embalming which resembled the god Osiris. The ritual took indue, usually, within seventy days. A contract was drawn up amidst the embalmers, and the deceased family, which specifies the amount of time the embalming procedure will take place. The body would then move on a wooden table and purified by washing the body in a solution of neutron. The brains were removed from the nasal cavity. The abdomen would then be cut, and all the organs removed and then purified with aromas. Once the organs were removed they were placed into jars and placed inside the tomb. The body is then stuffed with straw, sawdust, mud or linen this assists in retaining the deceased bodies shape, and is also wrapped with linen, and/or bandages.Egyptian rituals and beliefs also played a critically important part in the lead of the deceased to the tomb . The ritual of the burial, and its tombs content, takes place outside the tomb. The transport of the body to the tomb took form of a ritual procession that normally began on the East side of the Nile River After crossing the river, to the west, the body was placed on a sledge, and drawn by oxen to the tomb.Close to the mummy stood two women who would normally impersonate the diving mourners Isis, and Nephthys, who represented the wife and sister of the god Osiris, followed by mourners of the deceased. The last mourner in the procession burnt incense and sprinkled milk at the procession as they would anticipate on their way to the tomb. Ritual dancers, cognise as Mu, and a priest, who honors the deceased now greet the procession. The ancient ritual of the opening of the mouth now takes place this is the most significant part of the burial traditions, as the purpose of this ceremony is to restore the mummy and their power of speech, sight and hearing.The body has now completed the low gear part of Egyptian rituals. When the deceased approaches the Entrance of the tomb a priest w ho impersonates the god Anubis stands the body in an upright position. The priest now touches the mouth of the deceased with ritual instruments, which now restores their senses. The next stage is the offering of clothes, ointments and offerings of food so the deceased can take them into the Afterlife. The mummy is now ready to be placed into its burial chamber, after the door is sealed all footprints around the tomb is swept away and the last rites are read.The stages leading up to the burial of the deceased was an integral part of the Egyptians beliefs and rituals, as the Egyptians regarded the dead as being very much alive, living in their tombs equal they had anteriorly lived in their homes. This link between the house and the tomb was very important, the tombs chapel was commonly referred to the house of eternity. Outside the chapel it was common to see lushes gardens, and tombs surrounding as Cemeteries were planned to look like miniature cities like the one at Giza.All the a bove beliefs and rituals were clearly uncovered in November 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered the inviolable tomb of King Tutankhamen. Analysis of Tutankhamens mummy reveals that he was approximately eighteen years old when he died. The Kings life is still a mystery to this day as historians such as Carter believes that its almost impossible to say whether the King was a victim of illness, accident, assassination or was physically frail like his previous heirs when he passed away. Historians identified the month of his death to be that of January by analyzing the types of fruit and flowers such as the cornflower which were buried with him. The cornflower usually reaches maturity in March, and from these findings it is believed that Amenophis III last son died some time in January 1343 (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the Tomb page 158, 1972).Tutankhamens tomb features a simple design, which is typical of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The tomb features starts , corridors, and chambers. The king tomb has a number of rooms such as the Annexe, manse, Burial Chamber and the treasury and all of these rooms featured significant decorations. King Tutankhamens tomb was so unique as the treasures inside the tomb lay undisturbed to robbers, and during excavation Carter recovered over three thousand five coke articles such as grand elegant furniture, statues, jewelery, and shrines that were placed in his tomb to help him through to the Afterlife.The kings death like other Pharaohs was a grand affair, and was mourned by all of Egypt . Generally after a Pharaohs death there was a three-month interval between his death and his burial. During this time the complex ritual of embalming took place. The embalming of a Pharaoh was known as the House of Vigor (Tutankhamen Life and Death of a Pharaoh page 163, 1965) in which the Pharaohs body was purified and all impurities were removed. After the final phase of the mummification ritual takes place, the Pha raoh now passes into eternity.When King Tutankhamens body was bandaged, each layer contained a treasure such as golden objects. When the Kings body was unwrapped over 143 treasures were found such as pendants, amulets and golden finger stalls. Like the treasures wrapped in between the bandages the tomb itself was flowing with treasures, Nearly everything was made of precious material, and goldthis covered a roomy assortment of articles incumbent to ensure eternity for the dead (Tutankhamen and the Discovery of the Tomb page 70, 1972). All of the Kings rooms inside the tomb featured significant decorations.The Antechamber held the Tuta royal throne, which is one of the best known objects, found inside the tomb. This throne engaged wood with sheets of gold and its back is covered with a scene of the Pharaoh and his wife Ankhesenamun.The burial chamber features the first wooden coffin and the Kings mummy. The scenes painted on walls show King Tutankhamen with his Kai at the ceremony of the opening of the mouth (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 37, 1977) and his successor Ay. His burial bay the red quartzite sarcophagus (The Discovery of the Tomb Tutankhamen page 39, 1977) coffin had five coffins, the first to the third were anthropoid wooden coffins, the frontwards was golden and the fifth was his mummy. The King Tutankhamens burial was the same as any Pharaoh and followed all rituals and beliefs as well as mummification principles. The only difference was that the King was so young at the time of his death and that till this day no other tomb has been uncovered that all items inside the tomb are still intact.It can be seen that burial and death in general in Egypt was of enormous importance within the Egyptian society especially when it was concerning individual of higher status like that of a Pharaoh. Egyptians believed in the Afterlife and this played an important part in reinforcing the rituals and beliefs of death in Egyptian society as death w as not believed to be the end but the beginning of ones life. This is why rituals and beliefs as well as architecture and decorations of tombs were emphasized and carried out in the atonic of ones death. When an ancient Egyptian died, he was not buried into the ground, mourned and then forgotten, as people are today. Nor was his grave simply visited at certain times and some token words spoken over it, so that once again he is forgotten until next visit, like so many of us do. maybe its the way we as people have evolved to cope with the pain of loosing a loved one. We as a nation do not believe that death is a good thing in any way, and we are taught from birth to fear it and flee it for as long as we possibly can. I for one do not fear death. Not that I look upon it as a good thing like Egyptians, just as a necessary thing that all of us must have happen.

Consider Two Theories Of Child Development Psychology Essay

Consider Two Theories Of Child Development Psychology EssayThere are many theories impartn from the disciplines of sociology, biology and psychology that explain piece development from the each disciplines perspective. Baltes (1987) cited in Crawford and baby-walker (2010), states that kind development is multidimensional. Human development is approached from several theoretical perspectives which whitethorn be classified as psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, sociological, biological or ecological theories.Broadly, theories of benignant sustenance course development thr star be categorised into three disciplines that is to say sociological, biological and psychological. Sociological theories emphasise social and environmental factors as having an impact or cultivate in piece development. Biological theories focus on the sensual development, patrimonial influence, human growth stages and instinct. Biological theorists would argue that human behaviour for example, is ge netically determined. On the other hand psychological theories focuses on what goes on in the mind, emotional development, personality development and related behaviours. This school of thought describe human development as stages or phases that individuals go through.According to Crawford and Walker (2010), human development theories mickle contribute our understanding of people and their situations. Different theoretical approaches lead to different approaches to social work practices. It is important that social workers access control and critically evaluate these theories when working with youngsterren and their families. As a social worker, one should understand the origins, underlying assumptions, strengths and terminus ad quems of these theories in practice.The following is a discussion of two theories of minor development and their usefulness in safeguarding the welfare of infantren.Bronfenbrenners system of bioecological developmentThis is a bioecological theory as d efined by Boyd and Bee (2009). It explains human development in equipment casualty of relationship in the midst of people and their environments as illustrated in the diagram below.Adapted from http//edwinchartfellow.wordpress.com/research-project-2/Case StudyJohn is 14 years of age and lives is a immense deprived housing estate with a reputation for anti-social behavior. He does non attend school and spend most of his time with a gang of older teenagers. He has a score of theft and he misuse substances. He has lived most of his life in the care of relatives. His father Paul and grandfather waste criminal records. His father is currently in prison. His female parent Eve gave birth to John when she was 16 years and she uses drugs and alcohol. Johns aunt and her husband lives a few miles aside and beat offered to look after John. They are committed Christians and wish to support John and would like to support him to change his behaviour.According to Bronfenbrenner, human dev elopment is influenced by biological, socio-economic-political and cultural environment one grows in. Bronfenbrenner. (1979) bioecological theory states that at that place are four domains that influence tyke development and these are biological factors within the child, the family, the immediate touch such as school and the community, and the socio-economic environment in the wider world. The mounts of development are like circles within circles. It is therefore imperative that social workers understand the environment that the child grows in to be able to safeguard the welfare of children.The inner circle is the biological context which caters for the childs genetic makeup and development. Such factors may include genetic inheritance, sex/gender and healthy all contributing to an extent in the childs development.The next levels encompass the role of nurture. This view call for argues the environment, experiences and the way a child is brought up influences the childs developm ent. Social workers have to take this into account in safeguarding the welfare of children.According to Boyd and Bee (2009), the microsystem relates to variables which children are exposed directly, such as their families, schools, churches, and neighbourhoods. The culture in which the child in born and grows is influenced by the immediate environment. The family values which may include religious upbringing and influences, classroom peers, and neighbourhood has a strong impact on the vitrine and values of an individual. In Johns microsystem, we neediness to consider the influences of his parents and immediate family members.Parents involvement with the school and the response of the school to their involvement are part of the mesosystem. Shaffer and Kipp (2010), refers to mesostystem as the connections and interrelationships among microsystems such as home, school and peer groups. The childs development is likely to be optimized by strong supportive links between microsystems. Fo r example, the childs ability to learn at school depends on the quality of instructions that his teachers provide and also on the extent in which the parents value, support and co-operate with teachers. On the other hand none supportive links between microsystems can spell disaster (Steinberg, Dornbusch and Brown, 1992 cited by Shaffer and Kipp (2010)).The next level is the exosystem (the socioeconomic). This consists of institutions of culture that indirectly affect the development of children. These include the community, school, parents work place, extend family, neighbourhood, and mass media. The geographic expedition of Johns exosystem leads us to look at the local deprived community associated with anti-social behaviours in which John lives.The macrosystem represents the wider cultural context within which all the other systems are located. This includes the economic, social, cultural, history and laws in which a child grows. This wider context may refer to a country or stat e a child is brought up. For example, education funding exists in the socioeconomic context. A specific country may strongly believe that children should be educated (cultural context), but the ability to provide universal education can be limited by the countrys wealth (socioeconomic context). The macrosystem in which John lives, include social factors such as the economic and political factors in the country that may impact upon John and his family.Social workers must understand and appreciate that the development of the child encompasses biological, the role of the immediate environment like, parents, siblings, classroom peers and in the wider context involves the extended family, neighbours, and also the socio-economic condition in which the child lives. For example, the development of the unborn child may be affected by the impact of drug use of the mother. Crawford and Walker (2010), states that the Bronfenbrenner approach is based on the principle that the development and beh aviours of individuals can be fully understood in the context of the environment in which they live.Attachment theoryBowlby (1969) defines bail bond asA deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and spaceIt does not have to be reciprocal. Furthermore, Bowlby (1969), states that attachment in children is characterised by specific behaviours like seeking to be in touch or proximity with the attachment figure whenever one is threatened or upset. Attachment behaviour in adults is displayed with how they respond to the childs needs.Attachment theory provides understanding to how parent-child relationship emerges and has a bearing in subsequent years. Children need to feel secure in their relationship with adults or care giver. Early relationships are important as they are viewed as having critical role in the childs emotional well- be throughout their life development. Regarding this later life, Payne, 2005 p81 cited by Crawford and Walker (2010), p43 states thatHow we are depends on how we experience early relationships. Warmth, mutuality, support, and security are qualities of relationships that tend to defecate coherent and well organized later selves.Bowlby believes that child development personality lay in the early years of childhood and that any failure in the early relationships would permanently influence the development of the childs personality. Bowlby (1969) believes that attachment develops through four attachment phases as briefly described below.Pre-attachment phase (birth to 3 months) This is often referred to as indiscriminate attachment phase. A baby can be attached to any care giver. An infant forms attachment to whoever feeds it.Focus on one or more figures (3 to 6 months) Infants learn to distinguish between primary and secondary care givers and would accept care from anyone.Secure based attachment phase (6 to 24 months) True attachment develops in this phase. Infants look to certain care givers for secu rity, protection and hassock. Fears of strangers and unhappiness when separated from attached care giver known as separation anxiety, is a characteristic of this phase.The reciprocal relationship phase (24 months and beyond) In this phase a child becomes increasingly more independent and forms several attachments. These several attachments can include attachments to siblings, grandparents, neighbours and friends.The attachment phases leads to the following types of attachments and social workers need to understand these if they are to effectively work with children and families. Attachment can be described as secure. As long as the care giver is present a securely attached child depart play comfortably and react positively to strangers and will become visibly upset when their mothers leave. Attachment can also be described as avoidant. This is for example a child avoids contact with the mother at reunion after an absence. The child does not show any preference to mother over a st ranger. The insecure/ambivalent attachment type is where the child shows little exploration and is wary of strangers. The child craps very upset when separated from the mother. The child may show anger at reunion and resist comfort from the mother and stranger. The last type is the insecure/disorganised attachment which is characterised by confusion, disoriented behaviour.Boyd and Bee (2009), states that social workers should understand that early emotional relationships shape late ones in life. Securely attached children in infancy are later more sociable, positive in their behaviour towards friends and siblings, less(prenominal) dependent on teachers, less obstreperous and disruptive, more empathetic and emotionally mature in their interactions in school and outside the home. If attachment is not made between 0-3 years from birth, the child may never form an attachment with anyone. A securely attached child is able to develop resilience, independence, compliance, empathy, contro l over their feelings, and health self-esteem. Taylor, (2010) argues that for healthy and secure attachment to develop, a child needs to experience both proximity and separation. On the other hand, insecurely attached children tend to have difficulties in establishing relationships, appear haphazard friendly to whoever is around, extremely withdrawn and little or no interest in other people.Social workers can use attachment theory in assessment of children and families. For example, the social worker can use attachment theory to understand how past experiences relate to present difficulties. Gambie et al (1992) cited by Daniel et al (2010) assumes that a traditional nuclear family provides a superior child rearing environment. The majority emphasis is on a western model of the nuclear family which may not be experienced by children who may be cared for by extended family members who are part of their attachment network. Social workers need to be respectful and refined towards vari ed patterns of care giving and attachments within different communities. The key consideration should be the assessment of whether or not basic needs are being met. The majority of children encountered by social workers working with child safeguarding have difficulties which can be attributed to attachment issues. Attachment theory can therefore offer perspicacity to guide discussion. For children in care, attachment theory can help to understand both the impact of separation from important people and the process involved in making new attachments.ConclusionDworetzky et al (1989), states that our understanding and knowledge of human development are limited by the fact that no two human beings are ever exactly the same. Because of this, theories of human development will never be 100 per cent or even close to it. Furthermore, Lightfoot et al (2009) states that there is no single theory that can fully explain human development. Social workers work with vulnerable people. Of the two theories described above, each has its own strengths, weaknesses and context in which it is useful. According to Shaffer and Kipp (2010), families are complex social systems that are dynamic. Every family member is constantly developing and their relationships change with time.The complexity nature of family life and its influence on human development can best be described by Bronfenbrenners bioecological theory. Boushel 1994, p.179 cited by Daniel et al (2010) states the following regarding Bronfenbrenners bioecological theory and what social workers need to take into account when safeguarding the welfare of children and familiesThe framework for assessment of a childs protective environment will need to acknowledge the part played by the state and connection in general, the part played by the community within which the child live and the part played by the individual family.The African proverb it takes the social unit village to raise a child is true for this theory. This approa ch recognises that children do not grow up in a vacuum. In the case report above, Johns behaviour has been influenced by the microsystem (family) and also the exosystem (neighbourhood). In assessing Johns needs, the social worker will need to use these aspects of Bronfenbrenners bioecological theory. This approach requires that the child never be assessed in isolation. Daniel et al (2010) argues that the bioecological approach to child development suggests that detailed assessment of all aspects of the childs situation include considerations of all levels that are immediate and of wider impact and is essential to the planning of intervention with children and families by social workers. This theory provides understanding that each lifespan is unique as each individual in influenced by their unique environments. This theory helps in influencing government policies and programs that can benefit a given community. In the case of Johns environment, resources can be channelled in develo ping the estate and proving facilities for young people to get busy and occupied.On the other hand, Shaffer and Kipp (2010), argues that bioecological theories are inadequate in giving account of human development. The inner individual level encompasses the role of nature in child development. This viewpoint argues that our genes predetermine who we are and our characteristics are inherited. We have in born biological characteristics that are hereditary from our birth parents at a point of conception. This position suggests that change is not possible and we are what we are and we cannot do anything about it. This argument has the potential to stereotype people which leads to support prejudice and despotic behaviour and social workers should be aware of this in safeguarding the welfare of children. Despite it being a bioecological theory, it has little to say about specific biological contributions to human development. The emphasis is on the developing person and the constant chan ging environment.Attachment theory may be important for work with children but its application to adults is less evidenced. Konstantinos and Georgios (2006)s research supports Bowlbys conclusion that cross culturally attachment has an influence on ones socio-emotional development as well as emotional well-being through life course. There are many limitations that have been cited on attachment theory. Attachment theory does not account for some people who had insecure attachment relationships with their mother but however went on to form secure romantic relationships with their partners in adulthood. Attachment can still occur in adulthood. The attachment approach ignores the temperaments and personalities of individuals. Harris (1998), argues that parents do not shape the personalities and characters of their children. He believes that their peers have more influence in personality and character building than the parents. Take for example, a child whose parents are immigrants. The c hild can continue to speak the parents native language at home, but at the same time learn new language and speak it without a foreign accent. Harris (1998) argues that children learn these from their peers so as to fit in. Following from above, social workers should understand that parents are not totally responsible for the way the children develop. They can be held responsible to a certain degree, because after all they did give them their genes and therefore do have some influence. However, children rely more on their parents. Another limitation of attachment theory stated by Field (1996) is that the mother is viewed as the primary attachment figure and fails to include the father and siblings who can also be attached to the child at the same time. Another limitation is that attachment is confined to infancy and early childhood as defined by Bowlby. This does not account for attachment that occur in adolescence (first love), adulthood (spouse) and later life.In conclusion, there is no single theory that can fully explain human development. Attachment theory is more suitable for explaining infancy development despite its limitations. On the other hand, Bronfenbrenners bioecological theory is more suitable for explaining child development in their adolescence for they do interact more with the microsystem, exosystem and macrosystem than the infancy do.

Inventing a Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technological Papers

When I first started thinking about this assignment, lots of different ideas ran through my head from sticks and sand to pond remove to baking, hardly I kept running into the detail that almost everything that I thought of utilized some sort of manufactured tool. Ultimately, since I brook a soft spot for anything edible, and since fruit is a make up resource in nature, I went to the produce section of the grocery store for some berries and a surface. My riddle then though was the fact that paper and handed-down opus surfaces are also a technology. It was actually much more difficult for me to come up with an appropriate surface than to find a demeanor to make letters. Letters are essentially stains or scratches or rubbings, which can be created by a wide array of different natural resources, but finding a surface that has some permanent qualities as well as allowing for the writing to be legible is tough. I ended up with a honeydew melon beca procedure the surface was smooth and pale so that the berry juice would show up unsnarlly. Another characteristic of a successful writing surface is that it absorbs or retains the writing, and that was the problem with my melon. The surface wasnt porous enough to receive the berry ink, and I was compelled to use a knife to make the exteriorize successful. I rationalized the knife by thinking that it is one of the simplest tools that humans use, since it is essentially a sharp wedge. Also, it is manageable to make a knife if one wants to dispense the time to do so by scraping a stick with a rock or a softer rock on a harder one. With the use of a precise tool like a knife, I was able to create very clear and legible letters that became even more pronounce with the blueberry dye. Ong states that writing is a technology, calling for the use of tools and other equipment, (Tribble 321) and my difficulty in writing with jumpy rocks and sticks only made this point more smelling(p) for me. I did try to carve the melon with a sharp stick, but it was a frustrating and scrupulous process that I quickly abandoned in favor of the tried and true knife. Without this tool, I do not believe that my writing sample would control looked as normal as it did, and it probably would have been very difficult to read.Inventing a Writing Technology Invention Writing Technological PapersWhen I first started thinking about this assignment, lots of different ideas ran through my head from sticks and sand to pond muck to baking, but I kept running into the fact that almost everything that I thought of utilized some sort of manufactured tool. Ultimately, since I have a soft spot for anything edible, and since fruit is a ready resource in nature, I went to the produce section of the grocery store for some berries and a surface. My problem then though was the fact that paper and traditional writing surfaces are also a technology. It was actually much more difficult for me to come up with an appropriat e surface than to find a way to make letters. Letters are essentially stains or scratches or rubbings, which can be created by a wide array of different natural resources, but finding a surface that has some permanent qualities as well as allowing for the writing to be legible is tough. I ended up with a honeydew melon because the surface was smooth and pale so that the berry juice would show up clearly. Another characteristic of a successful writing surface is that it absorbs or retains the writing, and that was the problem with my melon. The surface wasnt porous enough to receive the berry ink, and I was compelled to use a knife to make the project successful. I rationalized the knife by thinking that it is one of the simplest tools that humans use, since it is essentially a sharp wedge. Also, it is possible to make a knife if one wants to take the time to do so by scraping a stick with a rock or a softer rock on a harder one. With the use of a precise tool like a knif e, I was able to create very clear and legible letters that became even more pronounced with the blueberry dye. Ong states that writing is a technology, calling for the use of tools and other equipment, (Tribble 321) and my difficulty in writing with crude rocks and sticks only made this point more resonant for me. I did try to carve the melon with a sharp stick, but it was a frustrating and painstaking process that I quickly abandoned in favor of the tried and true knife. Without this tool, I do not believe that my writing sample would have looked as normal as it did, and it probably would have been very difficult to read.