History of the Internet :: Expository Essays Research Papers

History of the InternetThe lucre has been a fast progressing technology. It is not quite known who exactly invented it because many people helped invent it. The emergence of the Internet began to progress very quickly after the invention of the satellite. The Russians put sputnik, the first satellite, into space and the US got scared. The cold war helped facilitate the internet because the US had to compete with other technologies being developed by Russia. Versions of the internet were around at the time (like in Britain), but the government wanted the Internet to be explored more because the US saw benefits of it for the military. In order to make a more effective way for military to communicate the US brought in close to of the most brilliant people to improve and invent the Internet. Some intentions of researching the networking of computers was potential nuclear war. The government wanted a way that people could communicate and throw in development without it being destroye d by nuclear war. The scientists could not figure out a way for a medium of communication to not be harmed by nuclear explosion but the developers thought that the if the information was not centralized that it would not be able to be destroyed completely. The theory was if the information could be traveling at all times to different nodes and then in turn could not be destroyed by completely. The internet was created by means of out the 60s by the Department of Defenses Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). This team of inventors worked relentlessly to make a backbone of the internet that we have today. The internet started out very small but now it is huge. It first only networked a few nodes but now it can has been networked to several nodes including personal computers. Scientists labour advantage of this free system of sharing information because a scientist can access a powerful computer million miles away with little or no cost. Educators can bring the Internet into the classroom to research information that was inaccessible a decade ago. Mostly the internet is used to email and savor at news.

Book Review of Goosebumps Stay Out of the Basement :: essays research papers

I have read a book called Goosebumps Stay Out Of the Basement. It was an intresting book and it was a little confusing because the characters jumped around in the story. Also, when you were reading the story you feel like you missed out on a part and you just have to go along with the story and find things that happen in the past. The author of this book is R. L.Stine. He has written many books in the Goosebumps series and they all hold off there scariness in many ways.They are a series of scary and supernatural made up stories.These are some books that he has writtenThe abdominal Snowman of Pasadena,Attack of the Mutant,Bad Hare Day,The Barking Ghost,The Cuckcoo clock of Doom,The Curse of the Mummys tomb,Deep Trouble,Egg Monsters From Mars and many more.The genre of this book is fiction because it has ficticious characters that are not real and are not true including monsters. I chose this book because it looked in truth intresting and I was very drawn to this book when I saw it. By just looking at the picture on the scarer cover was very intresting and creepy and I like those things.In the beginning of the story, Margaret and Casey are talking about how there protoactinium a scientist is acting very weird. They notice that he has been down there in the basement with his floras and weird machines for a long time. He had hardly ever come up from the basement to get fresh air. When he did come up he wouldnt even want to catch a frisbee. He also did not spend ii minutes with either of them when he did come up. They also notice his skin getting a pale green and speaks in very bad dexterity that the kids have never heard before. Then in the middle of the book they find out some very uncomfortable things about there dad and they feel as if he is not there dads anymore. When the two kids had gone down into the the basement which there dad had yelled at them and told them not to go down there they found a whole bunch of weird plants and the air was all moosh y and thick. They kinda noticed that one of the plants were breathing and it was true because when they went near the plant you could actually hear it breathing.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The corruption of the American conceive ofThe Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920s and it is a beat when the old values and the new atomic number 18 in a battle with one a nonher. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and private gain.The character, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own sound work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes easternmost to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a flush(p) family chooses to make his own fortuneHe All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said Why&8212ye-es with very grave, hesitant faces.(P.7)One the other men though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for haunt the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is contrary that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. &8230It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily unlikable out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. (P.6-7)Daisy and Jordan are also characters who sacrifice in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful.F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby essays research papers The corruption of the American DreamThe Great Gatsby takes place during the 1920s and it is a time when the old values and the new are in a battle with one another. The Great Gatsby has characters who believe in the American dream and those who are corrupting the dream in prosuit of wealth and personal gain.The c haracter, Nick is the perfect example of those with the faith in the existence of the dream. He is part of the group who believes in the old values and the belief that ones own hard work will at the end deliver rewards. He comes east to experience the new and exciting world of New York, yet he does not seem to belong to this part of the world. He although comes form a wealthy family chooses to make his own fortuneHe All my aunts and uncles talked it over as if they were choosing a prep-school for me and finally said Why&8212ye-es with very grave, hesitant faces.(P.7)One the other hands though, Jay Gatsby is the dream killer who is involved with men like Meyer Wolfsheim. Wolfsheim was the man responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gatsby has committed crimes in order to win love of Daisy. It is strange that Nick a man who despises men like Gatsby at the same time admires him. &8230It is what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily c losed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. (P.6-7)Daisy and Jordan are also characters who contribute in the corruption of the dream. Jordan is the dishonest golfer and opportunist who will do whatever it takes to be successful.

The Coagulation of the Paper Cutlets -- Art Arts Theatre Theater Commu

The Coagulation of the Paper CutletsThe formation of a confederacy is found on at least one commonality. Various communities intersect because, as complex individuals, humans have an exponential range of interests. However, the maintenance of the links at bottom and between these communities is also dependent upon these commonalties. Therefore, a few peoples interest in theatre has significant effects upon their wider community of interests. Community Theatre is a convocation and celebration of shared talents. The complexity and vibrancy of the tapestry it produces is also a reflection of the diversity of its creators. This paper explores the evolution of community theatres reparative role within its community.For the English playwright, John McGrath, theatre is not restricted to or by art but is capable of traversing departmental boundaries. McGrath proposes that theatres role in the society is one of class-conscious political activism. In his lecture Theatre and Democracy, McGr ath explains that Western society is governed by representative country infested with person-to-person and political hubris. He is adamant that every crime a nation can commit is excused by false claims to commonwealthThroughout the ordinal century, democracy has been universally acceptable, authenticating concept in the pursuit of public relations, and the most abused system in reality. (21) Social critic Cornelius Castoriadis also denounces this form of democracy What is this theological mystery, this alchemic operation that makes of your sovereignty, one day every five years, a fluid that spreads over an entire country, enters into the ballot boxes, and comes out again that alike evening on the television screen, on the faces of the representatives of th... ... College. The communitys support of the Players and their plans is not limited to monetary donations and play attendance. They give of their time and professional expertise. Members of the community including children and older folk turned up on Saturday May 19, 2001 to help gut the interior of the building. Recently in the buy-a-brick fundraiser, members of the community were asked to buy one of the bricks lotion the stained glass windows. The Middlebury Players are planning to do Little Shop of Horrors in the Spring. The Middlebury Community Theatre fulfills its role as a builder and maintainer of community through its many musicals and childrens shows, as well as through the renovation of its theatre building. Works CitedMcGrath, John. Theatre and Democracy. European Studies A ledger of European Culture, History and Politics.17 December 200119-35 The Coagulation of the Paper Cutlets -- Art Arts Theatre Theater CommuThe Coagulation of the Paper CutletsThe formation of a community is base on at least one commonality. Various communities intersect because, as complex individuals, humans have an exponential range of interests. However, the maintenance of the links within and between these communities is also dependent upon these commonalties. Therefore, a few peoples interest in theatre has significant effects upon their wider community. Community Theatre is a convocation and celebration of shared talents. The complexity and vibrancy of the tapestry it produces is also a reflection of the diversity of its creators. This paper explores the evolution of community theatres reparative role within its community.For the English playwright, John McGrath, theatre is not restricted to or by art but is capable of traversing departmental boundaries. McGrath proposes that theatres role in the society is one of class-conscious political activism. In his lecture Theatre and Democracy, McGrath explains that Western society is governed by representative democracy infested with person-to-person and political hubris. He is adamant that every crime a nation can commit is excused by false claims to democracyThroughout the 20th century, democracy has been universally acce ptable, authenticating concept in the pursuit of public relations, and the most abused system in reality. (21) Social critic Cornelius Castoriadis also denounces this form of democracy What is this theological mystery, this alchemic operation that makes of your sovereignty, one day every five years, a fluid that spreads over an entire country, enters into the ballot boxes, and comes out again that resembling evening on the television screen, on the faces of the representatives of th... ... College. The communitys support of the Players and their plans is not limited to monetary donations and play attendance. They give of their time and professional expertise. Members of the community including children and older folk turned up on Saturday May 19, 2001 to help gut the interior of the building. Recently in the buy-a-brick fundraiser, members of the community were asked to buy one of the bricks covert the stained glass windows. The Middlebury Players are planning to do Little Shop o f Horrors in the Spring. The Middlebury Community Theatre fulfills its role as a builder and sustainer of community through its many musicals and childrens shows, as well as through the renovation of its theatre building. Works CitedMcGrath, John. Theatre and Democracy. European Studies A journal of European Culture, History and Politics.17 December 200119-35

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart - Womens Role in the Ibo Society Ess

Womens Role in the Ibo Society In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, women of the Ibo folk music atomic number 18 terribly mistreated, and viewed as weak and regain little or no respect outside of their social function as a mother. Tradition dictates their role in life. These women are courageous and obedient. These women are nurturers above all and they are everything but weak. A main character in the novel, Okonkwo has several wives. He orders them almost like dogs. They are never to question what they are instructed to do they are expected to be obedient. We see this early in the story, when Okonkwo brings Ikemefuna into his home. Okonkwo tells his senior wife that Ikemefuna belongs to the family and that she is expected to look after him. She in turn asks him if he will be staying with them for a long period of time. This sends Okonkwo into a fury. He snaps at her in a very degrading manner, Do what you are told woman. When did you become one of the ndichie (meaning elders) of Umuofia?(pg.12) Clearly she receives no respect. Later in the story we see this woman sample to comfort Ikemefuna. She mothers him as if he is one of her make children. She tries to put him at ease and can almost instinctively feel how much he misses his own mother. In keeping with the Ibo view of female nature, the tribe allows wife beating. Okonkwo beats his youngest wife one-day because she was visiting with a friend and did not get home in time to prepare a meal for him. Another one of his wives tries to cover for her, when she is questioned as to whether or not the youngest wife has fed the children, before she left. Certainly she does this in effort to nourish the youngest wife, knowing full well what she WOULD ... ...is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. And that is why we say that Mother is Supreme(pg.116). The only glory and satisfaction enjoyed by the women portrayed in Things Fall Apart was being a mother. They receive respect and love from their children. They are strong for their children. The women are viewed as very gentle and caring. They are expected to take care of their children with the best of their ability and are trusted totally by their children. This honorable presentation of women is used by Achebe to identify womens role in the Ibo society. This presentation is necessary to show that women indeed free rein an important role in society. Works CitedAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York, New York Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1994.

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart - Womens Role in the Ibo Society Ess

Womens Role in the Ibo Society In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, women of the Ibo tribe argon terribly mistreated, and enchanted as weak and receive little or no respect outside of their role as a mother. Tradition dictates their role in life. These women are fearless and obedient. These women are nurturers above all and they are everything but weak. A main character in the novel, Okonkwo has several wives. He orders them around like dogs. They are never to question what they are instructed to do they are expected to be obedient. We see this early in the story, when Okonkwo brings Ikemefuna into his home. Okonkwo tells his senior wife that Ikemefuna belongs to the tribe and that she is expected to look after him. She in turn asks him if he will be staying with them for a long period of time. This sends Okonkwo into a fury. He snaps at her in a very contaminating manner, Do what you are told woman. When did you become one of the ndichie (meaning elders) of Umuofia?(pg.12) Clearly she receives no respect. Later in the story we see this woman try to comfort Ikemefuna. She mothers him as if he is one of her own children. She tries to put him at ease and can almost instinctively feel how much he misses his own mother. In keeping with the Ibo view of female nature, the tribe allows wife beating. Okonkwo beats his youngest wife one-day because she was visiting with a friend and did not get home in time to prepare a meal for him. Another one of his wives tries to cover for her, when she is questioned as to whether or not the youngest wife has fed the children, before she left. Certainly she does this in effort to protect the youngest wife, cognise full well what she WOULD ... ...is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. And that is why we say that draw is Supreme(pg.116). The only glory and satisfaction enjoyed by the women portrayed in Things Fall A part was being a mother. They receive respect and love from their children. They are strong for their children. The women are viewed as very gentle and caring. They are expected to take care of their children with the best of their ability and are trusted totally by their children. This honorable presentation of women is used by Achebe to identify womens role in the Ibo society. This presentation is necessary to show that women indeed play an important role in society. Works CitedAchebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York, New York Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1994.

How did The Second World War affect America? Essay

Having been drawn into World War II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, the States was inevitably altered in some ways by the contendfarefarefaretime circumstances and the affects of which are understood noticeably present today. The war induced economical, brotherly and political reforms in America.America is one of the populations with child(p) superpowers and with such massive territorial and economical resources she became the main source for blazonry and equipment flowing into Europe. Existing factories were adapted to cater for the inquire for war machines and with this sudden influx of business, appendd by the Allied war effort, America found herself in a wartime economic boom.More jobs were available due to the new demand and wages increased leading to a generally higher standard of living. With the primary focus on arms and weapons there was a shortage of consumer goods during the war except pastime that saw a return of consumer goods and mass exportation to Europe opening up a new market for commerce. To fund the sign production of the arms in demand federal taxes were significantly raised mainly in the form of income tax. Government spending has led to increased revenue remaining a permanent, long-term feature of the US government since WWII.Socially the war benefited the majority of black-Americans and women in America who before then, were normally classed below exsanguine males living in America. For example, restrictions were placed on blacks and women in America that made it hard to get a job or receive equal pay. Women were seen as housekeepers and were not considered as workers unless in extremely poor circumstances and un-married (even then women were not paid equally in comparison to men), for it was the men that supported their wives and household, alone. withal with men being conscripted into the army during the war many positions in the labour work force were being deserted and if this continued there would not be enou gh workers and soldiers in order to maintain a consistent high rate of production and supply troops to fight a war. As a result women were brought in to replace those sent off to fight and gained adequately paid positions in factories and other jobs that were otherwise only available to men, therefore when the war ended the soldiers returned and found jobs were no longer as readily available as was previously, because women provided more competition and sexual discrimination started to diminish but it was by no means completely wiped out. By 1945 36% of the workforce was female and two thirds of these women stayed in employment after the war demonstrating a permanent social shift created by the war effort.Discrimination against African-Americans also began to subside slightly as President Roosevelt implemented the F.E.P.C. (Fair Employment Practices Committee), to end racial indiscrimination in the war industries, following the actions of A. Phillip Randolph in 1941. This was sparke d off by the increased segregation of blacks and whites in the US armed forces despite the supposedly unified war effort and the fact that other countries did not implore segregated units. The black population were angry that their colour would instantly condemn them to low indignant lives. However during the war reforms were welcomed to sealed extents and by 1945 blacks employed by the government rose from 60,000 to 200,000. Then without the intervention of the FEPC all three war services allowed black officers still however segregated but nevertheless improving standards between blacks and whites. It seems that the war did not contribute an active role in reforming the situation in America between blacks and whites but it provided a form of passive provocation.With the increased need for workers and factories many cities became popular sites for those seeking employment such as the African-Americans and poor southern farmers. The Industrialisation of America because of the war effort requiring greater arms production and manufacturing of goods led to urbanisation in the late 1940s and 1950s and suburbs were inevitably formed there became areas of great prosperity and others of poverty due to neglect by those who left for the industry.Politically the war had a significant impact on policies and the routes taken by the wartime presidents Roosevelt and, following on, Truman. Firstly FD Roosevelt was a Democrat and introduced an expensive New Deal policy, which was designed and hoped to bring America out of the depression however it came up against great underground by many republicans.To counter this threat he ran for the 1944 election with a more conservative Democrat running mate, Harry S. Truman in turn creating a more seemingly moderate approach, which later secured victory for Roosevelt in the election. Then after Franklin Delano Roosevelts death in April 1945, Truman became president and hoped to continue Roosevelts municipal policies. Both Roosevelt and Truman were fierce anti- communists and in 1947 during Trumans term it was decided that in US interests the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine should be incorporated to keep the European market open for Americas capitalisation and therefore keep chances of communist take-overs minimal.Both policies were part of the idea of Containment and fed money into Europe in order to ensure its revival, which would then lead to American prosperity for consumer goods would be in demand and exports would be available but also to prevent communist expansion. Truman also tried to enforce the Fair Deal, which was similar to Rooselvelts new deal but less money was involved. This aimed to improve social security, provide full employment, increase the minimum wage, build more homes and secure employment equality for all races. This ambitious policy never really achieved its aims for the mostly Republican Congress largely opposed the Fair Deal due to its high expenditure and need for increased taxati on. This led to Government control being cut back considerably as was introduced during the Depression and wartime.Socially America has changed considerably and sexual and racial discrimination has been tackled. Women in particular have been granted or have fought for the right to work with the fortunate circumstances of the war creating a definite social change. Also economically America has benefited for many of what were the Allied countries are still within a trading circle with the USA as its centre and looking at the more short-term benefits, America prospered with all the required arms production resting upon her factories. Politically taxes have remained high and Government power has been reduced but without the policy of Containment Eastern Europe may not have healed with such effectiveness and America may have descended into another depression due to poor over-seas commerce.

When the Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis

Chase Caldwell Professor Gwaltney English 1102 14 March 2013 When The Levees Broke Rhetorical Analysis Hurricane Katrina do landfall in Louisiana on the morning of August 29, 2005. The storm produced sustained winds of up 125 mph when it hit that morning. On that same day Katrina ca utilise 53 different levee breaches in greater newfangled Orleans, spilling the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into the city and flooding an overwhelming majority of New Orleans.The floodwaters destroyed countless pedestals and lives along the way. Some estimates of the terms of Katrina were up in the 200 billions but according to Kimberly Amadeo, The actual cost of Hurricane Katrinas damage was between $96-$125 billion, with $40-$66 billion in insured losses. This statistic institutes Katrina nonpareil of the most expensive natural disasters to ever hit the United States. M iy wasnt the only thing that was lost the storm killed roughly 1,500 citizenry in Louisiana al unity.Floodwaters stayed in New Orleans for weeks leaving many flock stranded and fighting for their lives. Post-Katrina New Orleans was a war zone with looting, shootings, robbery, and pile desperately needing help from the establishment. Help was slow to arriving though. People went days and days without food or any kind of help at all. Many people died from all sorts of different causes. Deaths ranged from heat exhaustion in attics to drowning in the street and even in the victims own home.The majority of citizens of New Orleans ninth shield feel like the government did non take the right measures in getting help to the victims of the storm and they also feel like the destruction all told could have been avoided had the levees been built correctly. The story of New Orleans and the failing levees is right up one filmmakers alley. Spike Lee is known to make movies that examine race relations and political issues. The story of New Orleans during Katrina touches on both of these subjects immensely. Thus, Wh en the Levees Broke was born.The documentary is a heart-wrenching medley of eyewitness accounts, moving-picture show news footage, and photographs of the destruction that mix together in a way that shows Lees dissatisfaction with what happened during Katrina. Lee was legitimately upset roughly what happened in New Orleans during Katrina and even toys with the idea that the U. S. government blew up the levees to rid New Orleans of poor blacks. Needless to say, Lee will non hesitate to signalize anyone what he believes and is the center of many different controversies in Hollywood. His personality is best described as that of a ticking time bomb.His feelings for the people of the ninth ward coupled with his outspokenness on political affairs and race relations were the driving force behind When The Levees Broke. Lees intended audience is sincerely anyone who takes the time to watch his work. He really wanted to get the story out to the public and that is exactly what he did, he let the world check exactly what was happening in New Orleans without any sugar coating. Lee does not hesitate to put a floating, swollen dead tree trunk on screen just to let the viewers know the grotesque reality of what happened.Lee uses this documentary to voice his opinion against how the government handled Katrina. He felt that the government did not do what it should have done during this time and he shows his disappointment with the federal government through the movie. Lee conveys a huge array of assertions in this film from the government blowing up the levees to George pubic hair not caring about black people. Throughout all of these arguments his barebones, central argument is that the federal government did not fulfill its duty to the people of New Orleans during the Katrina catastrophe.Lee conveys this argument in a number of different ways. For instance, he conveys the argument by interviewing a bulk of people that lived through Katrina and has them explain their unrest and disappointment in the government on camera. He also shows photographs of posters and paintings that read things like Wheres Fema? and Fuck Bush. These tactics make it quite easy to see that Lee is upset with the Government. He uses a number of appeals to get his argument across. He mostly uses poignance by using horrific eyewitness accounts and gruesome photographs to stab at the audiences emotions.The audience cannot help but feel terrible for the people who had to go through this. One of the worst feelings is watching someone cry over their lost home or hear an account of someone who comes home to their dead mother. Lee undoubtedly does a good job of evoking emotion from the audience. Lee interviews a melting pot of people in this documentary. It seems like at that place is an interviewee from well-nigh every walk of life. In fact HBO explored just how many people Lee interviewed Lee and his team selected close to 100 people from different backgrounds and representi ng a wide range of opinions to nterview, including Governor Kathleen Blanco Mayor Ray Nagin residents Phyllis Montana LeBlanc, Kimberly Polk, Shelton Shakespeare Alexander and Rev. Williams activists Al Sharpton and Harry Belafonte CNNs Soledad OBrien and musicians Wynton Marsalis, Terence Blanchard and Kanye West. This works in his favor and adds to the ethos of the film. Since he is getting the opinions of a number of different people it shows more of the bigger picture and does not focus on only one person or one group of people.Diversity and unifying people under their disappointment with the government is a key part of his argument. This shows that he is not the only person that feels this way about the government, in fact everyone in the movie feels the same as he does. This can cause some speculation. Spikes argument is not perfect. in that location are multiple flaws in the argument that can cause it to be discredited. For one, the opinions of his interviewees are so one-si ded that the audience does not see a oneness glimpse of the other side of the spectrum.Not one person in the film seems conform to with how the government handled the situation. In a way this discredits Spike Lees argument because it seems as if he is only showing you what he wants to show you. He shows you nothing good that the government did or people that are well-provided with how the government helped. The audience only sees the people who are disgruntled by Katrina who just want more and more help. It is hard to believe that there is not a single person in New Orleans who was not satisfied with the help that they received from the government.Mr. Lee simply does not show the satisfied citizens of NOLA. If he had shown these people then his argument would be much stronger. Also, Lee does evoke emotion in the audience but after a duration it just becomes too much. After 4 hours of seeing wreckage and dead bodies you almost grow tired of feeling sorry for people. The first tim e you see a destroyed home or a dead body you want to cry for the victims but after hours and hours of seeing the same thing you become used to seeing it.Spike lee definitely evokes emotion but he should have done so more in moderation so the audience would not tire of feeling sorrow for the victims. Lees background as an outspoken critic that really just seems to love controversy also discredits his argument. It is as if Lee could be making this film to just stir up controversy in Hollywood because that is what he seems to love to do. He has had countless run-ins with almost every director in the business from Tarantino to Tyler Perry. He imply loves controversy so why would he not take this story and blow it up and make a huge controversy out of it? It would not be out of character for him to do so. That is why his argument can be fairly discredited by his background. It is not unlikely that Lee took this story and made it a huge ordeal just to stir up controversy in Washington a nd against Bush, whom he does not support. The story is really just a perfect opportunity to pin people against Bush. His background, one-sidedness, and excess of pathos all cause to be perceived his argument greatly.When the Levees Broke is a Spike Lee documentary that tells the story of the destruction that Katrina and a failed levee system had on New Orleans, Louisiana. The creator uses the film in an attempt to argue that the federal government did not do its part to help the people of New Orleans after the disaster. However, he fails at sway that point due to his one-sidedness and his personal background. During the film, interviewees all agree on the consensus that the government did not help out how they should have but no one thinks that they did a good job of helping out.This just shows that Lee is only showing the audience what he wants them to see. If he had shown both sides of this argument and disproved the opposing side his argument would have been much stronger. Als o, Lees personal identity as one who loves controversy discredits his argument in that it appears to be just another one of his critiques. He has so many critiques of things that this argument really just gets lost in the sea of them all. Works Cited Amadeo, Kimberly. About. com. The New York Times Company. n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. HBO. com. n. p. n. d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013.

How Organizations Can Learn from Failure Essay

Even though there is a no precise definition for distress in governings, there is a general agreement to what hardship means and could cartroad to. Failure is broadly defined as a condition of non meeting the intended objective or end. Failure could direct in the depletion of finance, shrinking market, exit from the market, loss of market sh atomic number 18, project blow and loss of legitimacy. We evoke assume that flush iture has negative consequences even though the utmost outcome whitethorn be positive, with firms learning from failure.Understanding the aim for learning from failure is unquestionable however it is tough for musical arrangements to put this into practice. It is crucial that organizations understand failure and intend about it in the right way before they can go about implementing procedures to pr slip such failures from happening in the future. acquirement from failure involves understanding that failure is not always bad and that learning from failu re is no straightforward task. An organization cannot simply reflect on what they did wrong and take care to not make the same mistakes again.Organizations take up to understand about the different degrees of failure which buy the farm on a scale ranging from blameworthy to praiseworthy. They f either into terzetto broad categories which are 1, failures which occur in predictable operations which could be prevented. 2, unavoidable failures which occur in complex organizations which can be managed to prevent snowb all(prenominal)ing. 3, outcast outcomes. To learn from failure, we require different strategies for each setting. It is key to detect them early, contemplate failures with depth, develop hypothesis, experiments and projects to convergence them.In holy order to minimize failure employees first have to feel safe to report these failures. In the article titled strategies for learning from failure the author Amy C. Edmondson talks about http//hbr. org/2011/04/strategies -for-learning-from-failure/ar/1 First the organization has to go about understanding failure in the right way as well as all the attainable side Important for managers to think about failure in the right way. Failure is not always bad. It is sometimes bad and sometimes inevitable and sometimes good.Learning from failure is not a straightforward task. The attitudes and activities required to effectively detect and analyze failures are in short supply in most companies and the make for context-specific learning strategies is underappreciated.? Organizations need new and better ways to go beyond lessons which are superficial( procedures which werent followed) or self serving ( The market just wasnt ready for our vast new product) That means jettisoning old cultural beliefs and stereotypical notions. The blame game?A spectrum of reasons for failure? http//www. uk. sagepub. com/upm-data/10989_Chapter_9. pdf Failing to learn from failure reasons? -Simply experiencing a negative event is not sufficient for learning. Learning can be a complicated cognitive operation, the acquisition of knowledge and the shifts in behavior must occur at all levels of a highly complex system. Bazerman and Watkins (2004) contend that, when organizations fail to learn failures, they become susceptible to predictable surprises. What is the difference between predictable and unpredictable surprises?Predictable surprises occur when an organization leadership ignores or fails to understand clear evidence that a potentially devastating problem to occur. There are different sort of failures and not all failures are created equally. Bazerman and Watkins( 2004) identify four ways in which organizations fail to learn from failures that occur around them Scanning Failures failure to pay close maintenance to potential problems both inside and outside the organization this failure could be due to arrogance, a lack of resources, or simple inattentions?Intergration failures failure to understand how pieces of potentially complicated information fit together to provide lessons of how to avoid crises. 3. Incentive Failures failure to provide sufficient rewards to people who report problems and take actions to avoid possible crises 4. Learning Failures failure to draw important lessons from crises and preserve their memory in the organization Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organisational integrity. Eg Mitroff and Anagnos 2001, Managing Crises before they happen what all(prenominal) manager needs to know about crisis management. 1982, Johnson and Johnson could oppose to an external crisis with their product being linked to cyanide poisoning and thus the company responded quickly by pulling their stock of capsules from the shelves and having great PR work. J and J knew how to handle their PR well and their product managed to get back to the top seller. J and J however became a victim of its previous success and had not done well with Pred ictable surprises where crises occurred within the company. J and J had failed to do proper product scanning and had been a different sort of failure. failure of a different type? Failure of Success. Problem 1 and 4. Learning from failure Sitkin 1996- Mittelstaedt (2005) Failure is an ingrained part of learning for many organizations. Failures, should not be hidden or avoided. Making mistakes is essential to success, a company which appears to be free from disruption whitethorn be operating unrealistically and from a uniformed perspective. learning to identify mistakes analytically and timely is the difference between failure and success. Too often employees and managers are unwilling to admit small failures for fear of reprisal.The unwillingness to recognize and embrace failure is also a failure to recognize and respond to potential crises. The all-night these small crises build up the higher likelihood it could escalate into a major crisis. In successful organizations, failure creates recognition of risk and a pauperism for change that would not exist otherwise. Describes this recognition as a learning readiness without failure, very difficult to produce in most organizations. Sitkin cautions that not all failures are equally effective in fostering good risk management.Organizations learn best from intelligent failures, which have these characteristics, result from planned actions, uncertain outcomes, balmy in scale, and take place in domains that are familiar enough to permit effective learning. Organizations need to recognize risks by accepting and acting on failures. Learn the best when failure results from competent actions, not major crises. Still within the comfort zone and employees are eager and experience enough to respond. These opportunities exclude Vicarious Learning learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior observed in others.Organizations need not fail as an entity in order to learn. Successful organizations engage in vicarious learning in order to recognize risk, organizational leaders observe the failures or crises experienced by sympathetic organizations and take action to avoid making the same mistakes. Examples of Vicarious Learning- Give Organizational memory Without learning from their own and others mistakes organizations stagnate and fail to respond to potential threats in an ever-changing world. Learning has no use if the knowledge is not retained.An example of failure in organizational memory is the heart carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. Early in December morning, the plant leaked a deadly cloud of gas that settled over part of the quiescence city of a million residents. Within two hours 2000 of them were dead with thousands left injured? Part of the reason for the disaster was a loss in organizational memory. The plant had been slated for closure and many experienced staff had been transferred out, leaving minimal crew with little work experience, with the training for remaining crew at a minimum. The crisis was traced to staff reductions and oversight failures.Much of the blame for the tragedy rests with a rapid reduction in experienced staff that took with them a large share of organizational memory. Organizational memory comprises of, a) Acquiring knowledge, done by recognizing failures within the organization and by observing failures of similar organizations. b) Distributing knowledge is the key to organizational memory. Highly experienced employees will leave the organization and these people should be given an opportunity to share their knowledge around or those departing personnel will go on with their experience. ) Acting upon knowledge, is important for organizational memory to serve an organization. New employees need to learn from those departing ones. New employees cannot do things their own way or else it will lead to repeat failures. Employees have many opportunities to discard the hard-earned knowledge. Becau se organizational memory depends on exchanging information from one person to another perception change, mistreatment and stubbornness to learn can disrupt preserving organizational memory. Organizations need to learn and build from previous experiences.Unlearning Effective organizational learning depends on an organizations ability to unlearn practices and policies that have become out-of-date by environmental changes. Example of Unlearning 1. Expanding Options When organizations are unwilling to forego routine procedures during crisis or potential crisis situations, they lose the capacity to react to unique circumstances. Unlearning enables the organization to pass its options. 2. Contracting Options In some cases, organizations may respond to a crisis with a strategy that has worked well in the past.In the current situation, however, the strategy from the past may actually make matters worse. In such cases, organizations must be willing to reject some strategies in favor of oth ers. 3. Grafting In the previous section, we discussed the need for organizations to hand down existing knowledge to new employees. If the socialization of new employees is so intense that they cannot bring new knowledge to the organization, however, the organization is doing itself a disservice. Although organizational memory is essential, some degree of unlearningOpportunity 1 Organizations should treat failure as an opportunity to recognize a potential crisis or to prevent a similar crisis in the future. Opportunity 2 Organizations can avoid crises by learning from the failures and crises of other organizations. Opportunity 3 Organizational training and planning should emphasize the preservation of previous learning in order to make organizational memory a priority. Opportunity 4 Organizations must be willing to unlearn outdated or ineffective procedures if they are to learn better crisis management strategies Bazerman, M. H. & Watkins, M. D. (2004). Predictable surprises The disasters you should have seen coming and how to prevent them. Boston Harvard Business aim Press. Huber, G. P. (1996). Organizational learning The contributing processes and the literatures. In M. D. Cohen & L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 124-162). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Mitroff, I. I. , & Anagnos, G. (2001). Managing crises before they happen What every executive and manager needs to know about crisis management. New York AMACOM. Mittelstaedt, R. E. (2005). Will your next mistake be fatal?Avoiding the chain of mistakes that can destroy. Upper Saddle River, NJ Wharton. Sitkin, S. B. (1996). Learning through failure The strategy of small losses. In M. D. Cohen & L. S. Sproull (Eds. ), Organizational learning (pp. 541-578). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Tompkins, P. K. (2005). Apollo, Challenger, Columbia The decline of the space program. Los Angeles Roxbury. Organizations who face these failures potentially could damage their organizational integrity. It is important for an organization to identify these failures and act on them while the company is still in operation.Having a crisis management team to prepare, respond and recover from a crisis is paramount in ensuring that the organization recovers and continues. Preparation must happen before a crisis occurs. In times of crisis, organizations need to systematically analyze its errors, acknowledge the errors and limits of the organization as well as address the issue with a level of sophistication. When an organization continually fails to differentiate and neglect crisis and failures it could lead to ruinous problems for the organization. Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 1A hypothetical example would be the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (BP oil spill) that occurred in the disconnect of Mexico from 20 April 2010 to 15 July 2010. The estimated 185 million barrels of oil first made landfall in Louisiana. By June 2010, the tar balls and oil mousse had reached the shores of Mississip pi, Alabama and Florida. By August, it had smeared touring car beaches, washed onto the shorelines of sleepy coastal communities, oozed into the marshy bays that fishermen have worked for generations as well as killed millions of wildlife in the process.Instead of dealing with the failure in a master key way, BP inadvertently created a PR situation synonymous with herding cats. Its had to fight to clear up two quagmires its oil mess and its tarnished image. (Please Refer to Appendix- New York Times, disjuncture of Mexico Oil Spill) In times of crisis or failure, it is important for an organization to understand the need for a comprehensive risk analysis. Should the failure be environmentally or socially threatening, impressions demonstrations of empathy and competence are vital. BP was not prepared to successfully deal with such a catastrophe.To minimize the damage, BP should have immediately accomplished five tasks 1. phone number regular, frequent progress reports 2. Control the pictures (even some on the Web site appeared to be canned or generic) 3. Transparency 4. Display empathy as a relate corporate entity comprised of authentic people diligently making a good-faith effort to solve the problem Failure/ Crisis Management Case Study 2 Failure, if justly attended to and rectified is a great plus. It gives the much needed confidence to the familiar, client or stakeholders in the product and organization.Further much, with proper management, the organization will be able to assess its capacity to deal with the systemic and circumstantial deficiencies leading to failures and work out a way forward. A great example would be the Johnson and Johnson Tylenol poisoning crisis in 1982. When the Tylenol scare occurred, Johnson and Johnson responded immediately and positively, taking the analgesic off the shelves, keeping the public apprised of the investigation, and their instituting new tamper-proof seals to make their product more secure.An organization nee ds to be upfront and out front with their communication about the situation and what they are doing to correct it and protect the public. The organization has to keep the publics best interests at heart when communicating the issue effectively, clearly, accurately, and promptly upon discovering the problem. Having a crisis management plan in place before a crisis occurs puts an organization in a solid position to handle it more effectively and responsibly. Detecting failure, analyising failure, promoting experiementation? Deviance Inattention Lack of Ability Process Inadequacy depute Challenge Process ComplexityUncertainty Hypothesis Testing Exploratory Testing Blameworthy Praiseworthy Violating a prescribed practice or process by choice Straying away from specifications Does not possess the necessary qualifications or skills for the task Adhering to a prescribed but faulty or unelaborated task Task too difficult to be executed reliably each time Process comprises of element break s when encountering interactions Lack of clarity causes actions which seem probable but produces undesired results An experiment to prove and idea, fails Experiment to increase knowledge and understand possibilities leads to an unwanted result

Of Mice and Men Discrimination

contrast Essay Discrimination and prejudice references in the book, Of Mice and Men, reflect on the s incessantlyal characters lives. The biggest impacts of discrimination take its rest on Candy, Crooks, Lennie, and Curleys wife. All of them are discriminated for different reasons. People are treated worse by the spreadhead simply because they are different. Candy is one of the agingest workers on the counterpane and struggles to keep up with the pace of the other workers. The other workers are younger, stronger, and more energetic than Candy. Many of the ranch hands get mad at him and counter him, Good for nothing. They talk behind his back at what a bad worker he is. Candy only having one hand slows him down ever more so. Candy knows that his days are coming and feels like he cant keep up. Added onto his discrimination, is his best friend attitude towards his old, smelly dog. He tells the ranch that the dog has been working with him since he was a pup. He was the best dog he e ver had. However, the workers say that the dog smells so bad that they accept to leave whenever hes in Bunk House. This eventu wholey leads up to the point until Carlson tells Candy he must take the dog outside where he will end his misery.Candy, after much persuasion, lets Carlson take the dog away where it is shot. Candy falls into a melancholy because his best friend died. He feels nestled to death than ever and then halts his work. Candys final summation of discrimination leaves him depressed and friendless. Lennie and George are his best buds since his dog was shot, but they dont compare. Discrimination takes all the life and sweetness away from Candy. Crooks, being the only black man on the ranch gets some of the most discrimination. Being the 1930s, blacks were allay considered to be unequal and not as smart as white masses.Many prejudice thoughts were fired right at Crooks. Crooks is the ranchs stable man. He works, sleeps, and lives in the stables. Crook also is handica p because a horse kicked him in the back leaving him in a permanent hunched position. Crooks is a colossal example lay outing his strength with his mind-over-matter defense. Ranch hands ridicule him but he chooses what he lets bother him and simply ignores them. He is a wise old man that likes his space. He lives separate from everyone else on the ranch. The only batch he ever let in his room was Lennie and Slim.He felt a deep confederation with Lennie, he felt his innocence. This was the only reason he let him in. When Slim came along, he told Lennie that this was the first time he was ever allowed in Crooks room in years. Crooks is isolated from the workers and is not allow at the main building in the ranch, the Bunk House. The only time we saw him hanging out with the workers besides in the stable was on Christmas when he went out drinking whiskey with them. Crooks is a likable character because he deals with discrimination so well. It almost seems as though hes had so much o f it, that he is immune to it now.Discrimination is definitely showed to Crooks but Crooks doesnt show any back. Lennie is the perfect target of discrimination throughout the entire book. Everywhere he goes, he is harassed and made fun of. This is to blame to his mental retardation. Being from the 1930s make it even worse because people didnt know that he needed help rather than insults. Countless characters take their anger out on Lennie. His biggest enemy is Curley. Curley naturally hates big people because hes jealous. When Lennie arrives on the ranch he instigates with him immediately.The boss also questions why he doesnt talk. George takes his side all the time, which is why Lennie always looks up to him. George is there for Lennie when other people dont understand. However, this puts a lot of stress on George and he eventually lets it out at the campfire when Lennie insists on having ketchup with his beans. What Lennie lacks in intelligence, he has a surplus of in muscle and his great amount of work that he gets done. This saves him from being picked on for being dumb and weak. At least he can defend himself at least when George is there to tell him.In an optimistic way of looking at it, at least Lennie didnt die from discrimination abuse but rather lack of confidence and stupidity. The final character that was discriminated was Curleys wife. From the very first time we meet her, she was considered a tart. All the men on the ranch treated her disrespectfully because she was the sole woman on the ranch. All the men ignored her because they thought she was trashy. They occasionally sappy jokes between Curley and her. Although she wasnt treated well, sometimes she asked for it.She was very flirty with many of the workers even though she was married. It always seemed like Curley was looking for his wife or vice-versa. She showed her loneliness by trying to talk with George and Lennie. George was like the rest of the workers and paid no attention to her. Le nnie likes to talk to her but George warns him. Eventually, when Curleys wife lets Lennie pet her hair, he gets nervous and unexpectedly kills her. The discrimination lead her to someone she could talk to, Lennie, which in turn, killed her. This novel teaches the reader several things about discrimination.Most of the books events were based off a discriminating act. It seemed like these ranchers were all mad at someone and wanted to get the blame out on the person they thought were different whether it be Lennie or Crooks or whoever. Discrimination takes its toll on people even if you dont realize it. It can hurt people who might not know what discrimination means. You should never discriminate anyone based on his or her appearance, intelligence or differences because everyone is different. Everyone has his or her own opinions and beliefs.Steinbeck wants people to see that you are just as different as anyone else and you should learn how to live and flourish in that environment tha n rather put people down and hate. People are treated worse by the ranch simply because they are different. The discrimination in the ranch took a toll on everyone affected by it. If people were more accepting and aware, peoples lives could have been saved. Steinbeck shows the audience how they can learn and change by noticing how people are affected by discrimination even if they dont show it in front of you. Discrimination only brings problems and life would be better without it.

Effective Persuasion Week Six Assignment

The author did a magnificent Job to persuade my thinking toward health attending system in the United States that health care should be considered as a fundamental right to all U. S. Citizens. The authors raise was easy to follow, well constructed, and straight-forward to his proceeds sentence. Writer had a strong introduction, co-occurrenceive points, and a conclusion. The author provided enough circumstances to support his her argument regarding health insurance should be accepted as basal right for all theU. S. Citizens Just like education. Health care converges are very expensive that a normal person cannot effort. I like the fact he presented in his/ her writing that even citizens with health insurance go out still end up paying aside of their pocket. Insurance companies more concerns about(predicate) their profits than providing health coverage. There is always a waiting list or have to wait in line to see a cook even if you are covered by insurance. The entire U. S ci tizens have to stand up and fight for their rights.I also legalized that the author did not use any(prenominal) I statements, which means the author is not bias. That is true that having health care system to the U. S. Citizens will save many lives and courage the health of all Americans. I will be using feedback from Written to make my persuasive turn out more effective. Wrestlings feedback helps to fix some of the common grammar errors such as leaving out commas, right words choices using awkward construction such as his/her, spelling check, and much more can help me to make my persuasive essay more effective.Written also recommend avoiding using first and second person such as I and You in sentences. With the help of Written my essay will be grammar error free, which will sound much better when the reader will be reading it. My essay will persuade my audience all effectively. I will make sure my essay is error free and well constructed. I will be using all sorts of sentences types in my essay to ensure my audiences do not get bored or lose his/her interest while reading my essay. I will be providing strong facts and examples to support my topic sentence.To make sure my essay is not bias I will ensure not to use gender pronouns such as he, she, him/her, or any of these substitutions. Use of gender pronouns is awkward in academic writing and can divert the audiences from the point you are trying to make. To fix this dilemma I will be using plural nouns such their or they. I will ensure not to use l statement sentences such as l think or l believe to make my essay sound opinionated and ensure to provide both side of the stories so the audience do not think the my essay is biased. By Sizing

Crisis intervention theory Essay

The crisis intervention theory was developed by Linder Mann and Gerald Caplan, this theory however was developed by a police squad of sociologist, social workers, doctors and counselors, the incident that led to the development of this theory was the coconut clove fire where 493 state perished in a night club in the US. The bearing and thought of people in crises change, they are usually confused, agitated in that they are easily angered, they feel helpless, they feel helpless and headaches. However the two scholars identify two types of crisis situationsDevelopmental crisis- in this type of crises the situation is predictable example old age crisis. Situational crisis- this type of crisis is unpredictable and unexpected example natural disasters, calamitous illnesses and rape. Techniques of crisis intervention according to this theory Assessing the events that triggered the crisis. Assessing the coping strength of the thickening under normal circumstances. The human service worker should focus on the target domain and give hope to a client. The worker should have a plan of action with well planed specific tasks. The worker should always keep the client in touch with reality and avoid asking question that may hinder the thinking of the client. The worker should concentrate on obtaining the missing information and concentrate on the present situation and not much on the past. How this helps solve the clients problem This intervention strategy helps to give hope and encouragement to the client to coupe with the crisis. It also helps to build the confidence of the person in crisis. By concentrating on a specific task the client changes the way of thinking, feelings and actions. The model emphasizes that the termination of the function should be done until the client overcomes the crisis. Contribution to crisis intervention This theory has contributed to crisis intervention strategies in that it emphasis that when dealing with a client it does not ne cessarily recollect that the mechanisms that worked in the past can be used in the present situation.The theory also states that it is not easy to point out people with crises because people interpret crisis differently but the theory states that people make comments such as they cannot cope, they feel helpless and that they are failures, however this theory has contributed to crisis intervention in that it emphasis putting the needs of the clients first. Reference Albert R. Roberts (2005) Crisis Intervention Handbook assessment, treatment and research, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Role of Government in Encouraging Innovation

ROLE OF governance IN further intro 12/4/2011 Strategic change Management Authored by Nandini Kapur (D326) Kanika Katyal (D325) ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION S T R AT E G I C I N N O VAT I O N M A N A G E M E N T Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .. 2 INTRODUCTION. information AND engineering POLICY 4 STATE INDUCED INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION 4 TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURS 5 SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL PATENT PROTECTION IN ELECTRONICS & IT (SIP-EIT). 6 MULTIPLIER GRANTS SCHEME 6 NATIONAL INNOVATION FOUNDATION TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION (TDPU) .. 7 engineering Development and Demonstration plan (TDDP) 7 Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP) . 8 INNOVATION OF SCIENCE PURSUIT FOR INSPIRE inquiry (INSPIRE) . 8 CONCLUSION . Page 1 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Government plays a vital role in any national renewal system, in that it formulates poli cies that whitethorn or may not be conducive to business environment and may or may not reward entrepreneurial quest for innovational products. It further creates an institutional framework which may in varying degree body forth basic and advanced research in universities, industrial R&D, and grass-root innovations including in small and medium-sized trys (SMEs).The Government also dissuademines whether, in which assiduity sectors, and to which degree it welcomes distant participation, e. g. in form of exotic direct investments (FDI) and whether or not it would like foreign firms to engage in R&D activities on domestic soil. This paper describes the Government of Indias activities that influence, directly or indirectly intentionally or unintentionally, Indias innovation system. It then moves on to how innovation can be encouraged in the country, and how the entire process can be expedited by Governments role in polity making. Page 2ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATI ON INTRODUCTION The inability of India to adequately provide for its give population no longer reflects a failure of implementation, but rather of a failure of innovation. In India, innovation is emerging as one of the close to important rubrics in the discourse on how to wager about greater and more consistent economic and social growing. One observes steadily growing investments in R&D across the country, the setting up of national and state innovation bodies, as well as the introduction of government-sponsored innovation funds.Despite gen durationl agreement on the importance of innovation in India, there argon wide gulfs mingled with different conceptions of innovation and the path India that should take towards securing benefits through investments in innovation. India needs more frugal innovation that produces more frugal cost products and services that are affordable by people at low levels of incomes without conciliatory the safety, efficiency, and utility of the produ cts. The country also needs processes of innovation that are frugal in the resources required to produce the innovations.The products and processes must also start out frugal conflict on the earths resources. The Government of any country plans and formulates policies that affect the business environment and its way of operation. Such policies can reward or deter entrepreneurial quest, can either encourage or be an impediment to innovation. Page 3 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY Since independence from the British rule in 1947, India has been investing a significant part of its resources, in creating quality institutions of higher education and research.In 1958 Indian Government passed a Scientific Policy Resolution 1958, which stated The key to national prosperity, apart from the spirit of the people, lies, in the modern age, in the sound combination of three factors, engineering science, raw materials and capital, of which the first is perhaps the most important, since the creation and adoption of new scientific techniques can, in fact, make up for a deprivation in natural resources, and reduce the demands on capital.But engineering can only grow out of the study of science and its applications. In keeping with this mark the Government has established a number of scientific publications in regional languages for school children and other groups in the society to increase scientific awareness in India. These publications are available to public at large mostly at subsidized, affordable rates. Finally, in 2003 a light and Technology Policy was announced, which recognized the ever-changing context of the scientific enterprise.The new policy has put greater emphasis on innovations to solve national problems on a sustainable basis. For this office it even ended the insistence on indigenous development of technology so as to master national needs in the new era of globalization. One of the concrete, declared objec tives is to promote international science and technology cooperation towards achieving the goals of national development and security, and make it a key element of our international traffic.Dietrich Kebschull, India Representative of the German federal states of Hamburg and SchleswigHolstein said Indian Government has provided valuable backing for key high-tech sectors much(prenominal) as Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals, IT and IT-enabled sectors, e. g. by providing extensive policy and infrastructural support through setting up of technology parks and continuing strengthening of communication facilities. Indian Government actively tries to foster entrepreneurship, for instance by encouraging spin-offs of R&D institutions to promote technology transfer.Increase of new ventures (e. g. start-ups) is an important Governmental aim. STATE INDUCED INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION The Government has launched several innovation funding programs. According to information provided by the Technopren eur Promotion Programme (TePP) at Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, S&T budget has been increased significantly in previous years. No project application, recounts an official, has been rejected on account of financial constraints. 20 outreach centers have been established in various part of the country to facilitate support programs.Whereas focus of the funding programs was up to 2007 as such on innovations and not on particular sectors, in the 11th Five-Year figure (2008-2012) the focus is to be put on niche technology areas like nanotechnology, biotechnology and ICT. Page 4 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION The processing time for TePP applications is typically just 3 to 4 months with 20% acceptance rate. Rejections, asserts an official functional with TePP, are invariably given with feedback.Another superior official in DST points out that all scientific ministries at administrative level are headed by scientists and technologists. The posting of s cientists in key positions in Ministry of acquaintance and Technology (MST), the nodal agency in the Government for funding innovation projects and incubating activities, says this official, are done deliberately to ensure that there is less bureaucracy in the functioning. To bring grass-root level into contact with the formal sector, universities and other research centers, a National Innovation Foundation had been established.In Dec. 2007, Indias Department of Telecom announced a USD 2. 5 billion package to fund innovations in communications technologies. Entrepreneurs, SMEs, universities and NGOs that have developed communication technologies may seek funding for the commercial roll-out of their innovations, especially those link to improving quality of services or making telecom operations more economical Also the New Millennium India Technology Leadership go-ahead (NMITLI) program is worth mentioning.This program has been launched with an intention to go beyond todays techno logy and seeks to build, capture and retain for India a leadership position by synergizing the best competencies of publicly funded R&D institutions, academia and private industry An official at German Embassy in New Delhi says local Government supports those foreign SMEs that dont have enough resources to start their own R&D units, by providing facilities / incubators, especially via research institutions like Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Society for Innovation and Development (SID), both(prenominal) in Bangalore, to settle down in India and also to cooperate with local research institutes and firms. Additionally, India also offers tax incentives for R&D operations in the country. For example, expenditure incurred on R&D may be deducted from corporate taxes with a weighted average of 150%. For a detailed account of financial incentives, see DSIR (2006).TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURS Department of schooling Technologys (DIT) Technological brooding and Development of Entrepreneurs (TIDE) shunning was launched in the year 2008. The device has multipronged approach in the area of Electronics, ICT and Management. Some of the broad objectives of the project include the following. ? Setting up and strengthening Technology Incubation Centres in institutions of higher learning, nurture Technology Entrepreneurship Development for commercial exploitation of technologies developed by them Promoting product oriented research and development ? Page 5 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ?Encourage development of indigenous products and packages and bridging the gap between R&D and commercialisation. At present the scheme is being implemented at 15 TIDE centers. Eventually the scheme proposes to support 27 TIDE centers and 2 virtual incubation centres over a period of 4 years. SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL PATENT PROTECTION IN ELECTRONICS & IT (SIPEIT) SCHEME In order to encourage filing of international unmingleds, a object Support International Patent Protection in Electronics & IT (SIP-EIT) has been put in place. The Scheme Supports International Patent Protection in Electronics & IT by SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprises) and Technology Start-Up Companies.Under this scheme, SMEs and Technology Start-up units will be reimbursed up to 50% of actual costs, up to a maximum of Rs. 15 lakhs per application, incurred in filing international patent applications in Electronics and ICT domain for their indigenous inventions. Through this scheme DIT aims to encourage indigenous innovation and enable the companies to capture global opportunities in the area of Electronics and education Technology. MULTIPLIER GRANTS SCHEME Multiplier Grants Scheme (MGS) encourages collaborative R&D between industry and academics/ R&D institutions for development of products and packages and bridge the gap between R&D and commercialization. NATIONAL INNOVATION FOUNDATIONThe main goals include providing institutional support in scouting, s pawning, sustaining and scaling up grassroots green innovations and circumstances their transition to self supporting activities. NIF seeks to achieve this goal by drawing upon the HoneyBee network and its collaborating partners. The Honeybee Network and Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institutions (SRISTI) have been scouting innovations by farmers, artisans, women, etc. at the grassroots level. The Honey Bee database of 10,000 innovations, collected and documented by SRISTI, would be a part of the National Register of Innovations, is to be managed and supported by NIF.The primary objectives of NIF are to ? ? ? Help India become an innovative and creative society and a global leader in sustainable technologies by scouting, spawning and sustaining grassroots innovations. Ensure evolution and diffusion of green grassroots innovation in a selective, time-bound and mission oriented basis so as to realize the socio-economic and environmental needs of society. Provide institutional support in scouting, spawning, sustaining and scaling up grassroots green innovations as well as outstanding conventional knowledge and helping their transition to self supporting activities. Page 6 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION ?Build linkages between truth in formal scientific systems and informal knowledge systems and create a knowledge network to link various stakeholders through application of information technology and other means etc. To meet its objectives in scouting, awarding and incubation of grassroot innovations, NIF has set up five dedicated departments to execute innovation to enterprise development models? ? ? ? ? Scouting and Documentation Business Development and Micro Venture Value Addition and Research and Development Intellectual Property Management Dissemination and Information Technology Management TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION, DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION (TDPU)Aimed at promoting technology development and industrial research in the country as well as encouraging its utilization by various sections of economy, be it industry, academic, scientific institution and the society at large. The programmes and activities beneath this scheme are centered around promoting industrial R&D development and commercialization of technologies acquisition, management and export of technologies promotion of consultancy capabilities etc. Under TDPU Programme, there is one very important programme fixings called Technology Development and Innovation Programme (TDIP), which aims to develop technologies and promote innovation in the country. TDIP is sub-divided into 2 programmes, namely- Technology Development and Demonstration Pr ogram (TDDP) It was former known as Programme Aimed at Technological Self-reliance (PATSER).It is a plan scheme of Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) to promote industrys efforts in development and demonstration of indigenous technologies, development of capital goods and absorption of imported technologies. That is, its broad objectives for achieving self-sufficiency in industrial growth are? ? Supporting industry for technology absorption, development and demonstration. Building indigenous capabilities for development and commercialisation of contemporary products and process of high impact. ? Involvement of national research organisations in joint projects with industry. ? Technology evaluation in selected sectors. To achieve such objectives, DSIR provides on a selective basis partial financial support to research, development, design nd engineering (RDDE) projects proposed by industry in the following areas ? Development and Demonstration of new or improved product and process technologies including those for specialized capital goods, for both domestic and export markets. ? Absorption and up gradation of imported technology. Page 7 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION The partial financial support by DSIR is primarily meant for cove ring expenditure involved in prototype development and pilot plant work, test and evaluation of products flowing from such R&D, user trials, etc. Bulks of costs of the project are from the industrys resources. Technopreneur Promotion Programme (TePP)It was launched to tap the vast innovative potential of the citizen of India. TePP is a mechanism to promote individual innovators to become technology-based entrepreneurs (Technopreneurs). Thus, its main objectives are to? ? ? Promote and support untapped creativity of individual innovators. Assist the individual innovators to become technology based entrepreneurs. Assist the technopreneur in networking and forge linkages with other constituents of the innovation chain for commercialization of their developments. The activities under TePP include providing financial support to selected and screened individual innovators having original ideas for converting them into working models, prototypes and so on.TePP assistance is provided to the innovator to meet expenditure on the following ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? R&D/Engineering consultancy Procure small equipment, tools etc. required unprocessed Material/ Accessories (for prototype/process trials), Fabrication cost (for prototypes) Patent guidance and support Manpower Testing & Trials any other relevant costs TePP support to the innovators is limited to 90% of the total cost of the project and remaining 10% is to be borne by the innovator/inventor. INNOVATION OF SCIENCE PURSUIT FOR INSPIRE RESEARCH (INSPIRE) It is another such innovative programs proposed by the Department of Science and Technology for attraction of talent to science.The basic objective of INSPIRE would be to communicate to the young population of the country the excitements of creative pursuit of science and attract talent to the study of science at an early stage and build the required precise human resource pool for strengthening and expanding the Science & Technology system and R&D base. INSPIRE Scheme ha s included three components. They are (i) Scheme for Early Attraction of Talents for Science (SEATS) (ii) Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) and (iii) Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC). Page 8 ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ENCOURAGING INNOVATION CONCLUSION There is a large pool of technically-trained personnel in India, but its density of Research Scientists and Engineers (RSEs) is one of the lowest. However, there is no handgrip of this issue as a problem in policy circles.The country has very few research grants specifically for the enterprise sector. Even those that it has are largely utilised by public sector enterprises. The technological infrastructure of the country is fairly sophisticated (at least by Developing Country standards). The network of laboratories under the umbrella of the CSIR forms an important component of this technological infrastructure. The interaction of these labs with the enterprise sector, despite efforts to enhance it, is still very low. P art of the difficulty arises from the low demand for innovations from the enterprise sector. Tax incentives are not very popular because of their

Facing Violence and Oppression Essay

The Kurds comprise a population in the Middle East that is before long mostly dust throughout the outskirts and b evidences of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Having their own way in stateion through arts and sociopolitical organization, they be characterized with their own close and history (Levinson 175). In relation to the fact that they ar dispersed along such(prenominal) locations, an implication arises that they currently do non belong to a country that unifies their race.Hence, as a result, the Kurds cast off often been considered as the oppressed in the Middle East and selected against by the g everyplacenments of the countries in which they reside. In some instances, the Kurds incur correct opted to engage in conflicts in order to preserve their history, nuance, rights, and evening their lives (Amnesty International 6). Through history, there have been several cases wherein the Kurds have been heavily violated. One significant proof of such was the event in 1965 w here an Arab Cordon was discrete to be made by the Syrian government.The Kurds, during that time, were found to live in the borders of Turkey which is considered part of the Jazira section however, upon the actualization of the Arab Cordon, the Kurds were displaced and were transferred into a desert compass (Kurdish Canadian Congress KCC). This was significantly a breach upon the lives of the Kurds in the area since the place they considered as their home was suddenly stripped away. In fact, the Kurds already integrated their culture into what was origin whollyy their home.In addition, even though they were originally from a desert area, relocating the Kurds to a desert area without further support posed several problems such as reestablishment. Additional aggravating details regarding the employment of the Arab Cordon include the changes that they made in the location. Aside from simply taking away the homes of the Kurds, the Arabs also prevented any tactile sensation of the cu lture of the Kurds to remain in the area in fact, they even opted to rename the villages to fit their own row (KCC).As expected, such an event was not well-received by the Kurdish locals, and as a result, some refused to comply. Those who did not choose to be relocated were branded as outsiders by the Arabs and were not allowed to regain any slip of settlement in the area (KKC). Understandably, due to the continuous subjection towards their kind, groups of Kurds that saw fighting as the scarcely way to gain recognition started to appear throughout the Middle East.In response to these resistance forces of the Kurds, the Iraki government decided to mobilize an besiege which would eliminate most Kurds in the Iraki territory the violate was referred to as Al-Anfal. Biological and chemical weapons were used against both Kurd resistance members and Kurd villagers alike this resulted in the death of over 180,000 Kurds (OLeary). Such an outright attack upon a large group of Kurds is considered as genocide. The reason behind the Al-Anfal, which was guide by Ali Hasan Al-Majid, was to destroy and eliminate saboteurs (OLeary).Although it was more of a case of ethnic cleansing rather than honour fitting eliminating the threats or defeating the opposition, the occurrence of such attacks to the Iraqi Kurd population did not actually begin and end with the Al-Anfal. In fact, throughout the course of such violent attacks, over 300,000 Kurds have died (OLeary). In contrast to the blatant attack of the Iraqi government towards the Kurds, in Turkey, they were considered as people that one should never speak of.In fact, even though there were a considerable number of Kurds in Turkey, decades ago the Kurdish language was proscribed and was not to be used in Turkish regions in order to cause further heathen repression. In addition, public perception and knowledge towards the Kurds were maintained to a level wherein Kurds were thought of as slew Turks (Bruno). As a resu lt, several groups that were against such treatment, including the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), decided to fight for their beliefs and rights.The original aim of the PKK was to get into an independent state for Kurds and hence, be able to govern their own kind the PKK was considerably stronger and more origin in their ship canal compared to previous resistance groups discussed, as they usually resorted to kidnapping and terrorism (Bruno). Even with such a difference in those aspects, the general aim of the resistance groups, and probably the whole Kurd population, is to be able to develop their own state or country where they whitethorn freely express their own culture and other aspects of their population without the fear of being selected against, discriminated, or oppressed.The same trend can be discover in the history of Kurds in Iran. It is important to note that Iran played an important role in the desolation of the first step of the Kurds towards autonomy. In 1946, afte r gaining control of Mahabad, wherein the Kurds established the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, the Iran forces seized the area without liberal much time for the republic to at least develop (Kweskin). Hence, the opportunity of the Kurds to control autonomy was unimpeachably cut short, and as a result, carryments that aim to bring autonomy to their kind began anew.In 1979, further cases of oppression towards Kurds were documented in Iran, one of this being the aggressive way of control towards the Kurd revolution initiated by the Ayatollah Khomeini, which was induce revolutionary rule upon the area of Mahabad the Ayatollah Khomeini branded the Kurds as atheists in order to explain their actions (Kweskin). The leader of the Kurds in Mahabad strictly denied any form of religion-based actions or motives. The leader exclaimed that the only thing they wanted to attain was for Kurds to strike independence once more and again be able to rule themselves and let their own ways of living f lourish (Kweskin).In the current times, the treatment towards the Kurds has become better, as exemplified by the recent move of the Turkey government to allow Kurdish language to be used as well as several Kurdish media to be transmitted (Bruno). However, in general, the Kurds are still commonly associated with oppression and abuse. For example, in Iran, the oppression towards Kurdish individuals is still evident in the unequal treatment of the laws and government of Iran towards them evident risks for Kurdish women causing illiteracy and deaths due to improper treatment were found as well (Amnesty International 14).In addition to this, due to the formation of several Kurdish militant groups which aim to fight for their rights through force, the Kurds are becoming associated with terrorism as well this is rather expected due to the fact that groups such as the PKK have conducted acts of violence in other parts of the world (Bruno). Given the current trend of the globular community to prevent and extinguish any form of violence that arises from terrorist acts along with the fact that the masses have a tendency to generalize based on minimal facts, such activities definitely do not help in placing the Kurdish population in a positive light.However, it must be considered that all of these are based on the goal of the Kurds to establish their own identity and to be able to express aspects of their culture, including language, music, arts, and history, without outside intervention. It must be understood that if only this was fulfilled, then it is probable that the unnecessary oppression, death, and violence associated with the Kurds may never have manifested. Given the chance to form their own government and parliament, as seen through the Iraqi Kurdistan, the Kurds would be able to sustain themselves rather peacefully (OLeary).Therefore, after all the dreadful events that these people had to experience throughout history, the Kurds should not simply be given seve ral areas within current countries in order to practice a sense of autonomy as this still enables the presence of events of oppression it is undeniable that the Kurds are more than deserving to finally form a true Kurdistan, a whole country in the Middle East with a future that the Kurds themselves will have the power to decide.Works CitedAmnesty International. IRAN benignant Rights Abuses against the Kurdish Minority. Amnesty International Online Library. 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 . Bruno, Greg. Inside the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Council on Foreign Relations. 19 Oct. 2007. 24 Apr. 2009 . Kweskin, Benjamin. Kurdish Nationalism from World War I through 2007 An IncompleteHistorical Narrative. Kurdish Media intelligence agency about Kurds and Kurdistan. 4 Sept. 2008. 24 Apr. 2009 . Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX Africa and the Middle East. New York G. K. sign of the zodiac & Company, 1995. OLeary, Carole A. The Kurds of Iraq Recent History, Future Pros pects. Middle East Review of International Affairs. Dec. 2002. 24 Apr. 2009 .

Black People Essay

laborer bollix Toni Morrisons novel might for some be a novel of cultural rouse. One as well as might at their first read and perhaps overly by reading the different studies make on Tar Baby, restricted to an interpretation that sees Jadine, Morrisons protagonist, as adult feminine who has, consciously or unconsciously, garbled her ancient properties (305) and internalized the values of a snow-covered culture. Jadine has tot aloney disconnected herself from her racial identity and cultural heritage.This reading is supported by the fact that Jadine has got her education in Europe with the financial assistance of Valerian Street (her aunties and uncles employer). Paraphrasing Marylyn sanders Mobley the characterization of the protagonist, Jadine, draws attention to a fundamental problem as unity that Morrison wants to stick out the self-reliance and freedom of a gloomy fair sex who makes choices for her own life on her own terms.She also seeks to psyche out the danger s that diddlysquatget happen to the totally self-reliant if there is no historical connection. part the conflict in Tar Baby is undoubtedly between assimilation and cultural nationalism stand for by the seal jumble coat Ryk has given her and the pie table (Rayson, 94), the limiting categories which Jadine is continually forced into do non come from the clean-living characters simply primarily from the opprobrious community in which she finds herself because she (Jadine) has embraced lily-white stereotypes along with white culture.While Valerian is portrayed as the traditional master-figure in the novel, it is actually Son, Sydney and Ondine, and the folk past represented by the different women in different places that try to conquer and dominate Jadine, who retain and represent their culture in the very colour of their skin.On the other hand, one could argue that it is as a result of Jadines university education in Europe and her c areer that further draws her away from her culture and identity and therefore (paraphrasing Mobley in Toni Morrison critical perspectives past and present) contributes significantly to the emotional and spiritual uncertainty that plague her as well as the many different roles that are imposed upon her by her aunt and uncle as well as the companionship that caused her to seek upward social mobility. Sydney and Ondine, Jadines uncle and aunt in the novel can be seen as representative of one of the tar pits for Jadine.They do non accept all downcast people be in the community in which they live because they employ racial hierarchies. Ondine sees herself as the only char cleaning woman in the house (209), small-arm Sydney nones more than twice that he is a Philadelphia Negro, the proudest people in the race (61). They take care to countenance a clear vision of what they want for Jadine their niece. As the story progresses, though, it becomes clearer that it is not actually a question of what they want for Jadine but wh at they want of her or expect her to do.In addition to them wanting Jadine to deliver them safety and credit for their race, Ondine admits by the end of the novel, maybe I just wanted her to feel wretched for us and thats a lowdown wish if I ever had one (282). Jadine understands that Sydney and Ondine had gotten Valerian to pay her tuition while they sent her the rest (49) and Ondine keeps reminding that she would convey stood on her feet all day all nighttime to put Jadine through with(predicate) and through that school (193). Ondine sees Jadine as her crown (282), and she and Sydney are continually boasting (49) about Jadines success to the point that Margaret calls Ondine Mother Superior (84).In return, they seem to want Jadine to offer them safety for the rest of their lives as Ondine claims that riddle code can happen to us as long as shes here (102). They are not comfortable with the idea of Jadine marrying Ryk, who is white but European which was not as bad as white and American (48), but they are terrified of her running off with a no-count Negro (193) wish well Son. Although their views on racial hierarchies seem to alter from time to time, on the outside they seem to want what is trounce for Jadine.Jadine refute Ondines views of dour womanhood when she tells her some of the things that are expected of her from society Jadine tells Ondine that I seizet want to learn how to be the kind of woman youre talking about because I dont want to be that kind of woman (282). This, according to Rayson (1998), might be interpreted as Jadines rejecting the roles of fuss, daughter, and woman to stay the tar baby (Rayson, 95), however it marks her becoming aware of what kind of woman she is by the end of the novel. Jadines inclination toward upward social mobility leads to her separationfrom the black roots and the tar caliber that Morrison advocates. This kind of flaw in Jadine effectively disqualifies her as a black woman capable of nurturing a fa mily and by large the community. Jadines perception of an ancestral relationship from which she is estranged occurs when she sees an African woman in a Parisian bakery. When she is celebrating her success as model evidenced in her appearance on the cover of Elle, Jadine becomes nervous or perhaps uncomfortable by the African woman in yellow attire.She triggers an identity crisis in Jadine at the moment when she should have felt more unafraid(p) with her professional achievement assured by beauty and education. In his African woman, Jadine catches a glimpse of beauty, a womanliness, an innate elegance, a nurturer, an authenticity that she had never known before ? That womans woman that mother/sister/she/ that unphotographable beauty? (p. 43). By calling the African woman ? that mother/sister/she,? J. Deswal (online source Tar Baby- Shodhganga) claims that Morrison presents a tetherfold definition of womanhood which can thrive within the confines of family and community only.The th ree eggs she balances effortlessly in her ? tar-black fingers? (p. 44) appear to Jadine as if the woman were boasting of her own easy word sense of womanhood. Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin in A World of Difference An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison explain the importance of the African womans presence as such Whereas Jadine has just been rewarded for her conformity to Western ideals of feminity, the African woman suggests a more powerful version of black womanhood. Like some fertility goddess, she holds in her hand the secret of life.She is the mother of the world in whose black hands whiteness appears as something as easily downhearted as cared for (71). When Jadine measures herself by the idea of black womanhood that she sees in the African woman the insecurities of her rootless pattern surface in her mind. The women in yellow makes Jadine confront her female role and her sexuality. Jadine sees ? something in her eye so powerful? (p. 42) that she follows the woman out of the store. The writers also claim that As a symbol of forswearing of Jadines westernized life behavior, the African woman ?looks right at Jadine? (p. 43) and spits on the pavement. Jadine hates the woman for her spitting, but what she cannot do is escape feeling ? lonely in a way lonely and inauthentic? as she tells the readers on page 45. When the sense of self is based on the denial of ones ethnic roots, one is certain to experience mental chaos and alienation. So, the womans insult to Jadine had the powerful effect of challenging Jadines choices her white mate, her girlfriends in New York, her parties, her picture on the cover of Elle and the way she lived her life.One can say that it is as a result of the African woman that Jadine desided to visit her aunt and uncle on the island. Jadine is disoriented and even questions her plans to marry Ryk, her white boyfriend I wonder if the person he wants to marry is me or a black girl? And if it isnt me he wants, but any black girl w ho looks deal me, talks and acts like me, what will happen when he finds out that I hate ear hoops, that I dont have to straighten my hair, that Mingus puts me to sleep, that sometimes I want to get out of my skin and be only the person inside not American not black just me?(p. 45) It is through Son, however, that Morrison offers Jadine the ultimate opportunity to redeem herself to her heritage, adapt it and revive her womanhood. Son picks up from where the African woman left(p) off in a sense by making Jadine confront her inauthenticity. Jadine and Son enjoys their stay in New York because it is the place where Jadine feels at ease. She feels loved and safe ? He unorphaned her completely and gave her a brand-new childhood? (p. 231). In turn, Son is encouraged by her need and by his apparent ability to redefine Jadine culturally and emotionally.Son insists that he and Jadine goes to Eloe his theatertown where Jadine will see how Son is rooted in family and cultural heritage. He attempts to pitch Jadine from her ignorance and disdain for her cultural heritage, trying in a sense to mould Jadine into the image of his black female ancestors. Son assumes that a relationship with Jadine will mean that they will have children together. He presses claims for family and community ? He smiled at the vigour of his own heartbeat at the thought of her having his baby? (p. 220). Thus, he wants Jadine to love the nurturing aspects of home and fraternity.He is fed on dreams of his community women. The dreams of ? yellow houses with white doors? and ? fat black ladies in white dresses minding the pie table? (p. 119) are nourishment to Son. Sandra Pouchet Paquet (The ancestors as foundation in their eyes were watching god and tar baby) observes ? In Sons dreams of Eloe, the African-American male ego is restored in a community of black man at the center of a black community. But however appreciative Son is of the beauty, the strength, and the mood of black women his vis ion is of male dominance of the black women as handmaiden?(511). The image feminity that Son cherishes of the black woman taking passive role as a nurturer of the hearth is flagrantly opposite to Jadines perception of the modern black woman. This terrifies Jadine and narrows the possibility of their forming a family. The modern, educated black woman seems to snivel at the aspects of traditional female- specific role as the nurturer of hearth and home. Decadent white values and life style thwart the black womans vital roles of building families and raising children.The modern black woman cannot be a complete human being, for she allows her education to keep her career separate from her nurturing role. The black woman is increasingly becoming able to define her own status and to be economically independent. She tries to seek compare in her relationship with men. Robert Staples gives an insight into the faltering dynamics of modern couples ? What was once a viable brass because wom en were a subservient group has lost its value for some people in these days of womens liberation.The stability of marriage was contingent on the woman accepting her place in the home and not creating dissension by challenging the males prerogatives? (125). The black womans intrinsic quality of ? accepting her place in the home? is Morrisons tar quality. However, in advocating the tar quality Morrison does not admonish the educational and professional accomplishments of the black woman. In fact, the black woman is expected to achieve a balance between her roles in the domestic and professional fields.It is the historical ability of black women to keep their families and careers together. In an era where both the black male and female seek to fulfill individual desires, relationships falter and, consequently, the prospects of the contemporaries of a family are not too bright. Jadines tar quality is submerged by the white-like root on for freedom and self-actualization. As a result, she finds the conventions of black womanhood antithetical to her own value system. At Eloe, Jadine is determined to resist rigid male-female role categorization.Jadine cannot ? understand (or accept) her being shunted off with Ellen and the children while the men sort out on the porch and after a greeting, ignored her? (p. 248). While at Eloe, Jadine is provided with yet another chance to put on certain qualities that is for black women. She is accustomed to living an upper-class white lifestyle so she finds the people of Eloe especial(a) and backward. Their stifling little shacks are more foreign to her than the hotel-like splendor of Valerians mansion. She stays in aunt Rosas house where she feels claustrophobically enclosed in a dark, windowless room.She feels ? she might as well have been in a cave, a grave, the dark womb of the earth, suffocating with the sound of plant life moving, but deprived of its sight? (p. 254). It is in this very room where Jadine and Son were havin g sex that she had a second awakening vision, which is more frightening than the one she had in Paris about the African Woman. Here, Older, black, fruitful and nurturing women her own wild mother, her Aunt Ondine, Sons dead wife, the African woman in yellow and other black women of her past become a threatening part of Jadines dreams I have breasts too, she said or thought or willed, I have breasts too. But they didnt believe her. They just held their own higher(prenominal) and pushed their own farther out and looked at her,? (p. 261) and ? the night women were not merely against her not merely aspect superior over their sagging breasts and folded stomachs, they seemed somehow in agreement with each other about her, and were all determined to punish her for having neglected her cultural heritage. They wanted to bind the person she had become and choke it with their breasts.The night women? accuse Jadine for trading the ? ancient properties? (p. 308) of being a daughter, mother, and a woman for her upward mobility and self-enhancement. All these women are punishing Jadine for her refusal to define herself in relation to family, historical tradition and culture. As they brandish their breasts before her eyes, they mock and insult her with their feminity. Jadine finds these women backward and sees no self-fulfilling value in the roles that they serve. However, she is constantly haunted by dreams of the black female image that she seems to have lost throughout life.Ondine express shame and disappointment over her lack of reverence for her family, the African woman, at the Parisian bakery, spits at her in disgust and the night women, in the vision at Eloe taunt her with their nurturing breasts. Having refuted her own black culture and heritage, Jadine face the consequence of a divided consciousness and a mental death. Her decision to end the love affair with Son ? I cant let you hurt me again? (p. 274) is an evidence of her shunning womanhood and losing her A fro- American roots as she chooses Ryk her white boyfriend over Son who refused to become the person or image that Jadine wants him to be .Jadine is compelled to make her choice and she decides that it is in Paris, away from Son, where there are prospects of financial success and personal independence. She doesnt want what Son and Eloe have to offer To cool it for wifely competence when she could be a beauty queen or to settle for fertility rather than originality and nurturing instead of building? (p. 271). Jadine makes it clear to the reader that she is self-sufficient and independent of men, family and community.